1. Ukuqonda Amasheya
Amasheya Nama, ngokuvamile okubizwa ngokuthi amasheya noma ukulingana, amathuluzi ezezimali amele ubunikazi enkampanini. Uma uthenga isitoko, uthenga ucezu lwenkampani, okukwenza umnikazi wamasheya. Lokhu kukunikeza isimangalo engxenyeni yempahla yenkampani kanye nenzuzo.
Isibonelo, uma inkampani inamasheya angu-1,000 esitoko esisele futhi ungumnikazi we-100, ungumnikazi we-10% wenkampani. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela, nokho, ukuthi ukuba nempahla yenkampani akusho ukuthi unezwi ekusebenzeni kwansuku zonke kwebhizinisi. Nokho, liyakunikeza ilungelo lokuvota emhlanganweni waminyaka yonke wenkampani futhi uthole noma yiziphi izinzuzo ezimenyezelwe.
Izihlukaniso ziyingxenye yenzuzo yenkampani esatshalaliswa kubanikazi bamasheya. Akuzona zonke izinkampani ezikhokha izabelo, ikakhulukazi lezo ezisezimbonini ezikhulayo njengobuchwepheshe, lapho inzuzo ivame ukutshalwa kabusha ebhizinisini.
Amasheya kukhona traded ekuhwebeni okufana ne-New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) noma i-NASDAQ. Intengo yesitoko inqunywa ngokunikezwa kanye nesidingo emakethe. Uma abantu abaningi befuna ukuthenga isitoko (isidingo) kunokusithengisa (ukunikezela), intengo iyakhuphuka. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma abantu abaningi bebefuna ukuthengisa isitoko kunokusithenga, bekungaba khona ukunikezwa okukhulu kunesidingo, futhi intengo izokwehla.
Ukutshala imali ezitokisini kungaba yindlela enamandla yokwakha ingcebo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, njengoba inani lezinkampani otshala kuzo likhula. Nokho, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi ukutshala izimali ezitokisini nakho kuza nezingozi. Inani lesitoko lingehla futhi likhuphuke, futhi kuhlale kunethuba lokuthi inkampani ingaphuma ebhizinisini.
Ucwaningo kuyisihluthulelo lapho utshala imali ezitokisini. Kubalulekile ukuqonda imodeli yebhizinisi yenkampani, isikhundla sayo sokuncintisana embonini, nempilo yayo yezezimali. Lokhu kungakusiza wenze izinqumo ezinolwazi futhi unciphise ubungozi obuthile obuhlobene nokutshala imali ezitokweni.
1.1. Incazelo Yamasheya
Ezweni elimatasatasa kwezohwebo, Amasheya bambe isikhundla esibaluleke kakhulu. Bamele uhlobo lokutshalwa kwezimali olukuvumela ukuthi ube umnikazi wesiqephu esidlangalaleni-traded inkampani. Uma uthenga isitoko senkampani, uthenga ingxenye encane yaleyo nkampani, eyaziwa ngokuthi a share. Lesi sabelo sikunikeza isimangalo sezimpahla zenkampani kanye nezinzuzo.
Amasheya Nama zivame ukubizwa ngokuthi ukulingana ngoba zinikeza umnikazi ukulingana, noma ubunikazi obuyingxenye, enkampanini. Lobu bunikazi bufika namandla okuthola umvuzo wezezimali ngendlela yezabelo, okuyingxenye yenzuzo yenkampani eyabelwa abanikazi bamasheya. Nokho, ukuba namasheya nakho kuyathwala ingozi. Inani lesitoko lingashintshashintsha, ngezinye izikhathi ngendlela emangalisayo, ngokusekelwe ezicini ezisukela empilweni yezezimali yenkampani kuya kwezimo zomnotho ezijwayelekile.
Ubuhle bamasheya busemandleni azo okukhula. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izinkampani ezisebenza kahle zingakhula ngenani, okubangele ukuthi intengo yamasheya azo ikhuphuke. Lokhu kunikeza abanikazi bamasheya ithuba lokuthengisa amasheya abo ukuze bathole inzuzo. Okukhanga nakakhulu, ezinye izitoko zinganikeza imali engenayo eqhubekayo ngezabelo, ngisho noma intengo yesitoko inganyuki.
Kubalulekile ukukhumbula lokho Amasheya akuyona indlela eqinisekisiwe yokwenza imali. Bawuhlobo lwe utshalomali olulinganayo, okusho ukuthi banamandla enzuzo ephezulu kodwa futhi nokulahlekelwa okukhulu. Ukhiye wokutshalwa kwezimali kwesitoko ngempumelelo usekuqondeni izinkampani otshala kuzo, ukuhlukanisa iphothifoliyo yakho, kanye nokwamukela umbono wesikhathi eside.
Empeleni, amasheya akunikeza ithuba lokukhulisa ingcebo yakho futhi uzuze imali engenayo. Ziyingxenye ebalulekile yanoma iyiphi iphothifoliyo yokutshalwa kwezimali kanye nengxenye ebalulekile yokuhlelwa kwezimali kwesikhathi eside. Nokho, zidinga ukucatshangelwa nokuqonda ngokucophelela. Njenge trader, umgomo wakho uwukuzulazula emhlabeni oguquguqukayo wezitoko ngolwazi, isu, kanye neso elibukhali lethuba.
1.2. Izinhlobo Zamasheya
Singena sijula emhlabeni wokuhweba, sihlangabezana noxhaxha lwezinhlobo zesitoko, ngasinye sinezici zayo ezihlukile kanye nezinzuzo ezingaba khona. Okokuqala, sinakho Amasheya Avamile, okuyizinhlobo ezivame kakhulu. Banikeza isabelo esilinganayo enzuzweni nasekulahlekelweni kwenkampani, futhi beza namalungelo okuvota emihlanganweni yabanikazi bamasheya.
Okulandelayo, sinayo Amasheya Akhethwayo. Lezi zifana nenhlanganisela yamasheya namabhondi. Abanikazi bamasheya abakhethwayo bajabulela isimangalo esiphezulu emalini etholwayo nempahla yenkampani, bathola izabelo ngaphambi kwabanikazi bamasheya abavamile. Nokho, ngokuvamile abanawo amalungelo okuvota.
Kulabo abathanda ukunambitheka kwamazwe ngamazwe, kukhona Amasheya Angaphandle. Lawa amasheya ezinkampanini ezizinze ngaphandle kwezwe lakini. Ukutshala imali ezitokweni zakwamanye amazwe kungahlukanisa iphothifoliyo yakho, kodwa futhi kuza nezingozi ezengeziwe, njengokuguquguquka kohlobo lwemali nokungaqiniseki kwezwe.
Lapho-ke sinawo Amasheya okukhula futhi Amasheya Abalulekile. Izitoko zokukhula zingezezinkampani okulindeleke ukuthi zikhule ngenani elingaphezu kwesilinganiso uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinkampani. Abavamile ukukhokha izabelo, njengoba bephinde batshale imali yabo ekukhuleni okwengeziwe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amasheya amanani angokwezinkampani ezithathwa njengezingabalulekile uma ziqhathaniswa nenani lazo langaphakathi. Bavame ukukhokha izabelo futhi kungaba inketho enhle kubatshalizimali abagxile kwiholo.
Okokugcina, sinawo Amasheya we-Blue-Chip. Lawa amasheya ezinkampanini ezinkulu, ezizinze kahle, nezime kahle ngokwezimali ezinomlando wokusebenza okuthembekile. 'Ayizinto zokubheja eziphephile' zomhlaba wamasheya, ngokuvamile akhokha izinzuzo ezivamile.
Khumbula, ngayinye yalezi zinhlobo zesitoko inesethi yayo yezingozi nemivuzo. Okukhethayo kufanele kuhambisane nezinhloso zakho zokutshala imali, ukubekezelela ubungozi, kanye nomkhathizwe.
1.3. Indlela Amasheya Asebenza Ngayo
Cabanga ngemakethe ephithizelayo, egcwele abathengisi, ngamunye edayisa ucezu lwenkampani. Lona umongo wendlela amasheya asebenza ngayo. Uma uthenga isitoko, uthenga a ingxenye encane yenkampani, ingxenye yempumelelo yabo (noma ukwehluleka). Kufana nokuba nesiqephu semakethe ephithizelayo, ngaphandle kokubhekana nezinkinga zansuku zonke zokuqhuba ibhizinisi.
Inani lesitoko linqunywa inqwaba yezinto, okuhlanganisa imali etholwa yinkampani, umnotho, nomuzwa womtshalizimali. Kuyi-a inqubo ashukumisayo, amanani ashintshashintshayo njengoba abathengi nabathengisi bephithizela ukuze bathole idili elingcono kakhulu. Uma inkampani yenza kahle, intengo yesitoko ngokuvamile iyanda. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukusebenza kabi kungaholela ekwehleni kwentengo yesitoko.
Wenza imali emakethe yamasheya ngezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko: izinzuzo ezinkulu kanye nezabelo. Inzuzo enkulu ivela uma uthengisa isitoko ngemali engaphezu kwaleyo oyikhokhele. Izabelo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ziyingxenye yenzuzo yenkampani eyabelwe abaninimasheya.
Nokho, kubalulekile ukukhumbula lokho izitoko ziza nezingozi. Imakethe yamasheya ayinakubikezelwa futhi amanani angehla futhi akhuphuke. Ungase ulahlekelwe okuthile, noma konke, kwe-investimenti yakho. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukwenza ucwaningo lwakho futhi ucabangele imigomo yakho yezezimali kanye nokubekezelela ubungozi ngaphambi kokungena emanzini.
Ezweni lamasheya, ulwazi lungamandla. Uma uqonda ngokwengeziwe ukuthi izitoko zisebenza kanjani, uzohlonyiswa kangcono ukuze uzulazule endaweni yemakethe futhi wenze izinqumo ezinolwazi. Ngakho-ke, phakamisa imikhono yakho bese uqala ukufunda ngezwe elithakazelisayo lezitoko. Phela ukuba nengxenye yenkampani akukhona nje ukwenza imali, kuphinde kube yingxenye yomnotho obanzi nokuba negalelo ekukhuleni kwayo.
1.4. Kungani Izinkampani Zikhipha Amasheya
Ukungena endaweni yemakethe yamasheya, kubalulekile ukuqonda isizathu esiyinhloko sokuthi kungani izinkampani zikhipha amasheya. Ngokuyisisekelo, inkampani ikhipha amasheya ukuze ikhulise imali. Lesi yisinyathelo esibalulekile sokugwema ukuqongelela izikweletu. Esikhundleni sokuboleka imali nokukhokha inzalo, bathengisa ingxenye yebhizinisi labo kubatshalizimali. Le mali ingasetshenziswa ukuxhasa ucwaningo nokuthuthukiswa, ukwandisa imisebenzi, noma ukukhokhela izikweletu ezikhona.
Ukukhipha izitoko futhi inikeza izinkampani ithuba lokuheha nokugcina abasebenzi abanekhono. Ngokunikeza izinketho zesitoko, izinkampani zingakhuthaza abasebenzi ukuthi basebenzele ukukhula nempumelelo yebhizinisi. Phela, uma inkampani yenza kahle, amasheya ayo azokhula ngenani, okudala isimo sokuwina kokubili inkampani nesisebenzi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuya emphakathini ngomnikelo Wokuqala Womphakathi (IPO) ungathuthukisa kakhulu isithunzi senkampani. Kuwuphawu lokuvuthwa kanye nempumelelo, okungaheha abatshalizimali abengeziwe futhi kudaleke umphakathi omuhle.
Nokho, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi ukukhipha izitoko kusho nokulawula ukwabelana. Abanikazi bamasheya banamalungelo okuvota, futhi iqembu elikhulu ngokwanele lingathonya izinqumo zenkampani. Yingakho izinkampani eziningi zikhetha ukugcina ingxenye enkulu yamasheya azo ukuze zigcine ukulawula.
Empeleni, ukukhipha izitoko umnyakazo wamasu ongabhebhethekisa ukukhula, uhehe ithalente, futhi uthuthukise isithunzi, kuyilapho futhi wabelana ngobunikazi bebhizinisi nabatshalizimali. Njengomtshali-zimali, ukuqonda lezi zisusa kungakusiza wenze izinqumo ezinolwazi emakethe yamasheya.
1.5. Iqhaza Lezabelo Kumgodlagodla Wotshalomali
Olwandle olukhulu lwezinketho zokutshala imali, Amasheya gqama njengethuluzi elinamandla lokudala ingcebo. Bamele ucezu lobunikazi enkampanini futhi banikeze ithuba lembuyiselo ebalulekile yezezimali. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi izitoko azilona ithikithi lengcebo esheshayo. Ziyisibopho sesikhathi eside esidinga isineke, isu, kanye nokuqonda okujulile kwemakethe.
Ukutshala imali ezitokisini kukuvumela ukuthi ube umnikazi wenkampani ngokwengxenye. Lokhu kusho ukuthi njengoba inkampani ikhula futhi ichuma, kanjalo nokutshalwa kwezimali kwakho. Inani lesitoko sakho liyakhuphuka, okuholela emalini yokwazisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkampani eziningi zisabalalisa ingxenye yenzuzo yazo kubanikazi bamasheya ngendlela ye izabelo, ukuhlinzeka ngendlela engenayo engaguquki.
Nokho, amasheya anezingozi. Imakethe yamasheya iyaguquguquka, futhi amanani angashintshashintsha kakhulu ngezikhathi ezifushane. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa iphothifoliyo yakho ngenhlanganisela yezitoko, amabhondi, nezinye izimpahla ukuze usabalalise ubungozi. Kulapho indima yamasheya ku-investment portfolio ibaluleka khona.
Portfolio ukuhlukahluka isu lokulawula ubungozi elihlanganisa ukutshalwa kwezimali okuhlukahlukene ngaphakathi kwephothifoliyo. Isizathu salokhu kuziphatha sigomela ngokuthi iphothifoliyo eyakhiwe ngezinhlobo ezihlukene zokutshalwa kwezimali, ngokwesilinganiso, izoletha imbuyiselo ephezulu futhi ibe nengcuphe ephansi kunanoma iyiphi i-investimenti yomuntu ngamunye etholakala ngaphakathi kwephothifoliyo. Amasheya adlala indima ebalulekile kulokhu kuhlukahluka.
Nakuba amabhondi enikeza imali engenayo engashintshi futhi ngokuvamile engenabungozi kangako, aphinde anikeze izinzuzo eziphansi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amasheya, anamandla azo okuthola imbuyiselo ephezulu, angakwazi ukulinganisa iphrofayili yokubuyisela engozini ephansi yamabhondi. Le bhalansi ingasiza ekuzuzeni imbuyiselo ezinzile futhi engaguquguquki kuphothifoliyo yakho yokutshala imali.
Empeleni, amasheya angaba yingxenye ebalulekile yephothifoliyo yakho yokutshala imali. Zinikeza amathuba okukhula kanye nemali engenayo, futhi uma zisetshenziswa ngokuhambisana nezinye izinhlobo zokutshalwa kwezimali, zingasiza ekulawuleni ubungozi futhi zibe namandla okwandisa imbuyiselo. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukubekezelela kwakho ubungozi nezinjongo zokutshala imali ngaphambi kokungena emhlabeni wezitoko. Ukutshala imali esitokweni akukhona nje ukukhetha abawinile, kodwa futhi mayelana nokuqonda nokulawula ubungozi obungaba khona.
2. Ukuqalisa Ngokuhweba Ngamasheya
Ukuhweba ngamasheya kuwumsebenzi othokozisayo, kodwa kubalulekile ukuqonda izinto eziyisisekelo ngaphambi kokungena emanzini. Umhlaba wezitoko mkhulu futhi uyahlukahluka, unikeza insada yamathuba kulabo abanesibindi sokuzulazula emanzini aso anomsindo.
Okokuqala nokubaluleke kakhulu, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi siyini isitoko. Ngendlela yaso elula, isitokwe simelela isabelo kubunikazi benkampani. Uma uthenga isitoko, uthenga ucezu lwempahla yenkampani kanye neholo. Lokhu kukunikeza ilungelo lengxenye yenzuzo yenkampani kanye nezwi ezinqumweni zayo ezinkulu.
Okwesibili, udinga ukuqonda ukuthi imakethe yamasheya isebenza kanjani. Imakethe yamasheya iyindawo yemakethe lapho abathengi nabathengisi trade amasheya. Intengo yesitoko inqunywa ukunikezwa nokufunwa, futhi iyashintshashintsha usuku lonke lokuhweba. Umgomo wokuhweba ngamasheya uwukuthenga amasheya ngentengo ephansi futhi uwathengise ngentengo ephezulu ukuze wenze inzuzo.
Okwesithathu, udinga ukwazi ukuthi ungazihlaziya kanjani izitoko. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukubheka izitatimende zezimali zenkampani, ukutadisha ukusebenza kwayo, nokuhlola amathemba ayo esikhathi esizayo. Kubalulekile futhi ukubheka isimo somnotho sisonke kanye nempilo yemboni inkampani esebenza kuyo.
Ekugcineni, udinga ukuthuthukisa a isu lokuhweba. Lolu uhlelo lokusebenza oluqondisa izinqumo zakho zokuhweba. Kufanele icabangele imigomo yakho yezezimali, ukubekezelela ubungozi, kanye nomkhathi wokutshalwa kwezimali. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukhetha ukusebenzisa isu lesikhathi eside lokuthenga nokubamba noma indlela yokuhweba yosuku lwesikhashana, ukuba nesu elicacile nelicatshangelwe kahle kuyisihluthulelo sokuhweba ngamasheya okuphumelelayo.
Khumbula, ukuhweba ngamasheya akulona uhlelo lokuceba ngokushesha. Kudinga isikhathi, umzamo, nesilinganiso esihle sokubekezela. Kodwa ngolwazi olulungile kanye namasu, kungaba indlela enomvuzo yokukhulisa ingcebo yakho. Uyemukelwa emhlabeni wokuhweba ngamasheya - umhlaba wamathuba angapheli nezinselele ezijabulisayo.
2.1. Izisekelo Zokuhweba Ngamasheya
Ukuhweba ngamasheya iyizwe elithakazelisayo, iqoqo lezinombolo, amashadi, namajagoni okungase kubonakale kwesabisa kwabangawazi. Kodwa ungesabi! Ngokuqonda okuqinile kwezinto eziyisisekelo, ungakwazi ukuzulazula kulo mkhathi oyinkimbinkimbi kalula.
Imakethe yamasheya iyindawo yemakethe lapho abathengi nabathengisi trade amasheya esidlangalaleni traded izinkampani. Lawa masheya, noma Amasheya, bamele ubunikazi enkampanini. Uma uthenga isitoko, uthenga ingxenye encane yaleyo nkampani, okwenza ube umnikazi wamasheya.
Ngendlela yayo elula, inhloso yokuhweba ngamasheya ukuthenga okuphansi nokuthengisa okuphezulu. Uthenga amasheya uma ukholelwa ukuthi inani lazo lizokwenyuka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, futhi uthengise lapho ucabanga ukuthi inani lazo lifinyelele phezulu. Nokho, akulula ngaso sonke isikhathi njengoba kuzwakala. Ukuguquguquka kwemakethe futhi izinkulungwane zezinye izici zingathonya intengo yesitoko, okwenza isikhathi tradesa isici esibalulekile sokuhweba okuyimpumelelo.
Kunezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko zokuhweba ngamasheya: uhwebo futhi ukutshala imali isikhathi eside. Usuku traders uthenga futhi udayise amasheya phakathi kosuku olulodwa, wenza imali ekushintshashintsheni kwentengo yesikhashana. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abatshalizimali besikhathi eside bathenga amasheya ngenhloso yokubamba iminyaka eminingana, bebheja ekukhuleni kwabo kwesikhathi eside.
Ukuqonda izinhlobo ezahlukene zama-oda kungenye ingxenye ebalulekile yokuhweba ngamasheya. A ukudayiswa kwemakethe kuyisicelo sokuthenga noma ukuthengisa isitoko ngentengo yamanje yemakethe. A umkhawulo wokulinganisa, nokho, isicelo sokuthenga noma ukuthengisa isitoko ngentengo ethile noma okungcono.
Okokugcina, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi konke ukuhweba ngamasheya kuhilela ubungozi. Kungenzeka ulahlekelwe enye noma yonke imali oyitshalile ekuqaleni. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukucwaninga ngokucophelela noma yisiphi isitoko ngaphambi kokwenza a trade kanye nokutshala imali kuphela ongakwazi ukukukhokhela.
Ekugcineni, ukuhweba ngamasheya okuphumelelayo kudinga isineke, isiyalo, nokuzimisela funda. Kuyikhono elingathatha isikhathi ukulifunda kahle, kodwa ngokukhuthazela nokuqonda okuqinile kwezinto eziyisisekelo, ungathola imivuzo ebalulekile.
2.2. Ukukhetha Isitoko Broker
Ukuzulazula emhlabeni wokuhweba ngamasheya kungase kuzwakale njenge-labyrinth, kodwa uhambo luba nzima kakhulu ngomhlahlandlela othembekile. Yilapho isitokobroker ingena. A isitokwebroker isebenza njengomhlahlandlela wakho siqu, ikusiza ukuthi wenze izinqumo ezinolwazi mayelana nokutshalwa kwezimali kwakho. Bangochwepheshe abanelayisensi abathenga futhi badayise izibambiso egameni lamakhasimende abo.
Nokho, akuzona zonke stockbrokers zidalwe zilingana. Ukukhetha isitoko esifanelebroker kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile esingaba nomthelela omkhulu ohambweni lwakho lokuhweba. Uzofuna ukucabangela izici ezifana nezinkokhelo, i brokerIsithunzi, ikhwalithi yesevisi yabo yamakhasimende, kanye nenkundla yokuhweba abayinikezayo.
Broker Izimali ingadla inzuzo yakho, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi ingakanani inzuzo yakho broker izindleko ze trades. Abanye brokers ukunikeza ikhomishini-mahhala trades, kuyilapho abanye bekhokhisa imali eyisicaba trade.
The idumela Wakho broker kubaluleke ngokufanayo. Ungasebenzisa amathuluzi afana BrokerCheck ukuze uqinisekise imininingwane ye-a broker futhi ubone ukuthi banazo yini izinyathelo zokuqondisa izigwegwe kumarekhodi abo.
Insizakalo yekhasimende ingenza noma iphule isipiliyoni sakho sokuhweba. Kuhle broker izonikeza isevisi yamakhasimende esheshayo newusizo ukuxazulula noma yiziphi izinkinga ongase ube nazo.
Ekugcineni, i indawo yokuhweba unikezwa ngu broker kufanele isebenziseke kalula futhi ifakwe amathuluzi adingekayo ukukusiza wenze izinqumo zokuhweba unolwazi. Abanye brokerFuthi inikezela ngezinsiza zemfundo ukukusiza ukuthi ufunde kabanzi mayelana nokuhweba ngamasheya.
Khumbula, ukukhetha isitokobroker akusona isinqumo okumele sithathwe kalula. Thatha isikhathi sakho, wenze ucwaningo lwakho, futhi uqinisekise khetha i- broker lokho kuhambisana nezinjongo zakho zokuhweba kanye nesitayela.
2.3. Ukudala Isu Lokuhweba Ngamasheya
Impumelelo emakethe yamasheya akuwona umkhiqizo wenhlanhla; kuwumphumela wezinqumo ezicatshangelwe kahle, ezibaliwe. Ingxenye ebalulekile yokwenza lezi zinqumo ukuba nesu eliqinile lokuhweba ngamasheya. Kodwa liyini ngempela isu lokuhweba ngamasheya, futhi ulakha kanjani?
Isu lokuhweba ngamasheya isethi yemithetho nemihlahlandlela ebeka izenzo zakho zokuhweba. Kufana nemephu yomgwaqo, ekuqondisa ezindaweni ezivame ukuguquguquka nezingalindelekile zemakethe yamasheya. Kukusiza ukuthi unqume ukuthenga nini, nini ukuthengisa, futhi nini ukubamba esitokisini.
Ukudala isu lokuhweba ngamasheya kuhilela izinyathelo ezimbalwa ezibalulekile. Okokuqala, udinga chaza imigomo yakho yezezimali. Ingabe ufuna ukukhula kwezimali zesikhathi eside, noma ingabe unesithakazelo kakhulu enzuzweni yesikhathi esifushane? Imigomo yakho izoba nomthelela omkhulu ohlelweni lwakho lokuhweba.
Okulandelayo, udinga qonda ukubekezelela kwakho ubungozi. Leli inani lengozi ozimisele ukuyithatha emisebenzini yakho yokuhweba. Kubalulekile ukwethembeka kuwena lapha - uma ungakhululekile ngokutshalwa kwezimali okunobungozi obukhulu, kungcono ukunamathela esitokweni esiphephile, esibikezelwa kakhudlwana.
Isinyathelo sesithathu ekudaleni isu lokuhweba ngamasheya ucwaningo. Udinga ukufunda imakethe, uqonde izitayela, futhi ufunde mayelana nezinkampani onentshisekelo yokutshala imali kuzo. Lesi sinyathelo singadla isikhathi, kodwa sibalulekile ekwenzeni izinqumo zokuhweba unolwazi.
Ekugcineni, udinga hlola isu lakho. Qala ngokuhweba ngamaphepha - lokhu kuhlanganisa ukwenza ukucabanga trades ngokusekelwe kudatha yemakethe yangempela, kodwa ngaphandle kokufaka imali yangempela engozini. Uma usuqiniseka ngesu lakho, ungaqala ukulisebenzisa ekuhwebeni komhlaba wangempela.
Khumbula, isu elihle lokuhweba ngamasheya alibekwe etsheni. Kufanele iguquguquke futhi ivumelane nezimo, ishintshe njengoba uthola ulwazi oluthe xaxa futhi njengoba izimo zemakethe zishintsha. Futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, kufanele ihambisane nemigomo yakho yezezimali kanye nokubekezelela ubungozi.
Ukudala isu lokuhweba ngamasheya kungase kubonakale kunzima ekuqaleni, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukubekezela, nokuqonda okujulile kwemakethe yamasheya, kungaba ukhiye wakho wempumelelo yezezimali.
2.4. Ukuqonda Imithetho Yokuhweba Ngamasheya
Ngaphambi kokuthi ungene ngokuzethemba emhlabeni wokuhweba ngamasheya, kubalulekile ukubamba imithethonqubo eyisisekelo obusa le makethe eguquguqukayo. Ingqikithi yale mithetho yi- IKhomishani Yezokuphepha Nezokuhwebelana (i-SEC), ibhizinisi elisungulelwe ukuvikela abatshalizimali nokugcina izimakethe ezinobulungiswa, ezihlelekile, nezisebenza kahle. I-SEC iphoqelela ukuba sobala, idinga izinkampani zomphakathi ukuthi zidalule ulwazi olunengqondo lwezezimali nolunye emphakathini. Lokhu kunikeza iqoqo elivamile lolwazi kubo bonke abatshalizimali ukuthi bazisebenzise ukuze bazihlulele bona ukuthi bathenge, bathengise, noma babambe isibambiso esithile.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i Isiphathimandla Esilawula Imboni Yezezimali (FINRA), umlawuli ozimele, ongekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni wazo zonke izinkampani zezibambiso ezenza ibhizinisi e-United States, naye udlala indima ebalulekile. Imithetho ye-FINRA nemihlahlandlela iqinisekisa izinqubo zokuziphatha, ivikela izintshisekelo zabatshalizimali.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngamunye trader kufanele ihambisane nayo Usuku Lwephethini Trader (PDT) imithetho. Le mithethonqubo ibeka ukuthi noma iyiphi trader owenza izinsuku ezingaphezu kwezine trades esikhathini esiyizinsuku ezinhlanu zebhizinisi, nosuku trades emele ngaphezu kuka-6% wesamba somsebenzi wokuhweba wekhasimende kuleso sikhathi esifanayo sezinsuku ezinhlanu, kufanele agcine ukulingana okuncane okungu-$25,000 kuma-akhawunti abo.
Okokugcina, traders kufanele uqaphele Umthetho Wokuthengisa Wokugeza. Lo mthetho we-IRS uvimbela ukuthengisa isibambiso ngelahleko kanye nokuthenga kabusha okufanayo noma ukuphepha okufanayo kakhulu phakathi kwezinsuku ezingu-30 ngaphambi noma ngemva kokuthengisa.
Ukuqonda le mithethonqubo akukhona nje ukuthobela; kumayelana nokwenza izinqumo ezinolwazi ezihambisana nezinjongo zakho zokutshala imali kanye nokubekezelela ubungozi. Kulo mhlaba oyinkimbinkimbi nojabulisayo wokuhweba ngamasheya, ulwazi lungamandla ngempela.
3. Imiqondo Ethuthukile Yokuhweba Ngamasheya
Ukungena sijule emhlabeni wokuhweba ngamasheya, sifika endaweni ye imiqondo yokuhweba ethuthukisiwe. Lapha, umdlalo uqina, futhi izibalo ziba phezulu. Awuseyona imfundamakhwela trader, kodwa umhlanganyeli osekhulile ohlelweni lwendalo olushintshayo lwemakethe yamasheya.
Ukuthengisa okufishane ungomunye umqondo othuthuke kangaka. Kulapho uboleka khona amasheya esitoko kwa-a broker futhi uwathengise ngokushesha ngentengo yawo yamanje. Ithemba liwukuthi intengo yesitoko izokwehla, okukuvumela ukuba uthenge isitoko futhi ngenani eliphansi futhi ubuyisele amasheya obolekiwe broker, efaka umehluko ephaketheni. Nokho, leli su liza nengozi enkulu. Uma intengo yesitoko ikhuphuka esikhundleni sokwehla, ungagcina ulahlekelwe inani elikhulu lemali.
Omunye umqondo othuthukisiwe ongakhetha ukuhweba. Izinketho zikunikeza ilungelo lokuthenga noma ukuthengisa isitoko ngentengo enqunywe kusengaphambili phakathi nesikhathi esithile. Ngokungafani nokuba nesitoko ngokuqondile, awubophekile ukuthenga noma ukuthengisa; unenketho yokwenza kanjalo uma kuzuzisa wena. Ukuhweba kwezinketho kungaba yinkimbinkimbi futhi kube yingozi, kodwa uma kwenziwa kahle, kungaba ithuluzi elinamandla ku-arsenal yakho yokuhweba.
margin ukuhweba kungomunye umqondo othuthukisiwe. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuboleka imali yakho broker ukuthenga amasheya. Lokhu kungakhulisa inzuzo yakho engaba khona, kodwa futhi kungakhulisa ukulahlekelwa kwakho. Kuyisu eliyingozi enkulu elidinga ukuqonda okuqinile kwemakethe kanye nokulawulwa okuqinile kobungozi.
Ekugcineni, kukhona umqondo ukuhwebelana kwe-algorithmic. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukusebenzisa ama-algorithms ayinkimbinkimbi ukuze uzenzele amasu ukuhweba. Lawa ma-algorithms angahlaziya idatha yemakethe ngesivinini sombani futhi asebenzise trades ngokusekelwe kumibandela echazwe ngaphambilini. Kuyindlela eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu yokuhweba, kodwa akusiyo eyawo wonke umuntu.
Le miqondo ethuthukisiwe akusiyo eyabantu abanezinhliziyo ezibuthakathaka. Badinga ukuqonda okujulile kwemakethe, ukubekezelela okuphezulu ubungozi, kanye nendlela eqondile yokuhweba. Kodwa kulabo abazimisele ukucwila emanzini, banikeza ithuba lokuthola imivuzo ebalulekile.
3.1. Ukuthengisa Okufushane
Emhlabeni oshisa phansi wokuhweba ngamasheya, kukhona isu elivame ukuphakamisa amashiya kodwa libe namandla okwenza inzuzo enkulu: ukudayiswa okufishane. Ngokungafani nendlela evamile yokuthenga-ukuthengisa okuphansi, ukuthengisa okufushane kuguqula umbhalo, kuyakuvumela traders ukwenza inzuzo ngokuncipha kwesitoko. Nansi indlela esebenza ngayo: A trader uboleka amasheya esitoko ku-a broker futhi ngokushesha uzithengisa emakethe evulekile. Lapho intengo yesitoko yehla, i trader uthenga amasheya ngentengo ephansi, uwabuyisele ku- broker, futhi ephaketheni umehluko.
Kuzwakala kulula, akunjalo? Hhayi ngokushesha. Ukuthengisa okufishane ithwala ingozi enkulu. Uma intengo yesitoko ikhuphuka esikhundleni sokuwa, i trader kufanele athenge amasheya ngentengo ephezulu, okuholela ekulahlekelweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukulahlekelwa okungaba khona akunamkhawulo ngokombono njengoba intengo yesitoko ingakhuphuka unomphela.
Naphezu kwalezi zingozi, ukuthengisa okufushane kungaba ithuluzi elinamandla ku trader's arsenal. Ivumela traders ukuvimba ukulahlekelwa okungaba khona kumaphothifoliyo abo futhi angahlinzeka ngamathuba okwenza inzuzo emakethe yamabhere. Kodwa-ke, kudinga ukuhlaziya ngokucophelela, ukuqonda okujulile kwezitayela zemakethe, kanye nesisu esinamandla sobungozi.
Ukuthengisa okufishane akusiyo eyabadangeleyo. Umdlalo osezingeni eliphezulu odlalwa yilabo abanesibindi sokudansa ngokungaqiniseki futhi abachumayo ngenxa yemakethe engalindelekile. Kodwa kulabo abakwaziyo, imivuzo ingaba mikhulu. Ngakho-ke, ngokuzayo lapho ubona intengo yesitoko yehla, khumbula - eyodwa tradeukuwa kwe-r kungase kube yithuba elihle lomunye.
3.2. I-Margin Trading
Ukuhweba kwemakethe iyithuluzi elinamandla elingakhulisa amandla akho okwenza inzuzo emakethe yamasheya. Kufana negeyimu ye-poker enezinga eliphezulu, lapho imiklomelo engaba khona iheha njengoba ubungozi buqeda amandla. Empeleni, ukuhweba ngemajini kubandakanya ukuboleka imali ukuze uthenge amasheya amaningi kunalokho ongakwazi ukukukhokhela ngezimali zakho ezitholakalayo.
Nansi indlela okusebenza ngayo: ufaka inani elithile lemali ku-akhawunti ye-margin neyakho broker. Le diphozithi isebenza njengesibambiso. Eyakho broker bese ikuboleka izimali ezengeziwe, ngokuvamile ezifika ku-50% yenani eliphelele lokuthengwa kwesitoko ohlose ukukwenza.
Isibonelo, uma ufuna ukuthenga u-$10,000 wesitoko esithile, ungafaka u-$5,000 ku-akhawunti yakho ye-margin bese uboleka u-$5,000 osele kweyakho. broker. Ngale ndlela, uwaphinda kabili amandla akho okutshala imali.
Kodwa nakhu okubambekayo: uma intengo yesitoko yehla, ungagcina usukweleta imali eningi kunalokho obuyitshalile ekuqaleni. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi kusazodingeka ukhokhe eyakho broker inani olibolekile, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isitoko senza kanjani.
Ukuhweba kwemakethe akusiyo eyabanhliziyo zibuthakathaka. Kuyisu elinobungozi obukhulu, elinomvuzo ophezulu elifaneleke kakhulu abanolwazi traders abangakwazi ukulahlekelwa okungenzeka esiswini. Ngaphambi kokungena emanzini, kubalulekile ukuqonda ngokugcwele ubungozi obukhona futhi uqinisekise ukuthi unesu eliqinile lokulawula ubungozi.
Khumbula, nakuba ukuyenga kwenzuzo esheshayo kungase kuhehe, kubalulekile ngokufanayo ukucabangela ukwehla okungase kube khona. Imakethe yamasheya ayinakubikezelwa, futhi ngisho nezinongo kakhulu traders ayikwazi njalo ukubikezela ngokunembile ukunyakaza kwayo. Ngakho-ke, kuhlale kuwukuhlakanipha ukusondela ekuhwebeni kwemajini ngokuqapha.
Ukuhweba nge-margin kungaba yithuluzi elinamandla kunqolobane yakho yokuhweba, kodwa njengawo wonke amathuluzi, kufanele kuphathwe ngokucophelela. Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kokuthi ungene ngaphakathi, qiniseka ukuthi uwenzile umsebenzi wakho wesikole, uyaziqonda izingozi, futhi uzilungiselele yonke imiphumela engase ibe khona.
3.3. Izinketho zesitoko
Ngena ujule emhlabeni wezitoko, ake sihlole indawo ethokozisayo Izinketho zesitoko. Lezi zisetshenziswa zezimali zinikeza traders enye indlela yokuzuza ngomnyakazo wemakethe yamasheya, ngaphandle kokuba nobunikazi bamasheya ayisisekelo ngokwabo. Izinketho zesitoko yizinkontileka ezinikeza umnikazi ilungelo, kodwa hhayi isibopho, sokuthenga noma ukuthengisa isitoko esithile ngentengo enqunywe kusengaphambili, eyaziwa ngokuthi inani lesiteleka, ngaphambi kosuku lokuphelelwa yisikhathi kwenkontileka.
Izinketho zocingo futhi beka izinketho yizinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zezinketho zesitoko. Uma ukholwa ukuthi intengo yesitoko izokhuphuka, ungase uthenge inketho yokushaya ucingo, ekunikeza ilungelo lokuthenga isitoko ngentengo yesiteleka. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma ubikezela inani lesitoko lizokwehla, ungase uthenge inketho yokubeka, ekunikeza ilungelo lokuthengisa isitoko ngentengo yesiteleka.
Okwenza izinketho zesitoko zikhange ikakhulukazi amandla azo angokwemvelo. Njengoba inkontileka yenketho ngokuvamile ilawula amasheya angu-100 esitokisini esiyisisekelo, ukunyakaza kwentengo encane esitokweni kungase kubangele inzuzo enkulu yamaphesenti (noma ukulahlekelwa) enani lenketho. Lolu hlelo lokusebenza luvumela traders ukuze kuzuzwe izinzuzo ezinkulu, nakuba kunobungozi obukhulayo.
Inani lenketho yesitoko lithonywa izici ezimbalwa, okuhlanganisa inani lamanje lesitoko, intengo yesiteleka, isikhathi kuze kuphele isikhathi, kanye nokuntengantenga kwesitoko. Ukuqonda lezi zici kungakusiza wenze izinqumo ezinolwazi futhi uthuthukise amasu okuhweba asebenzayo.
Nokho, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi nakuba izinketho zesitoko zinganikeza imivuzo emikhulu engaba khona, ziphinde zibe nengozi enkulu. Ngakho-ke, angeke afaneleke kubo bonke abatshalizimali. Ngaphambi kokungena ezinkethweni zesitoko, kuyanconywa ukuthi ucwaninge kahle futhi uqonde ngokugcwele lawa mathuluzi ezezimali ayinkimbinkimbi.
Ezweni eliguquguqukayo lokuhweba ngamasheya, izinketho zamasheya zimelela isendlalelo esengeziwe sobunzima nethuba. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isetshenziselwa ukuqagela, ukubiyela, noma ukukhiqiza imali engenayo, banikeza ithuluzi eliguquguqukayo lokuzulazula esimweni esishintsha njalo semakethe yamasheya.
3.4. Ama-ETF kanye Nezikhwama Zokusebenzisana
Ukushintshanisa-Traded Izimali (ama-ETF) futhi Izikhwama Zomphakathi yizimoto ezimbili zokutshala izimali ezihlinzeka ngephothifoliyo ehlukahlukene yezitoko, amabhondi, noma ezinye izimpahla. Ziyafana ngoba zombili zimelela iqoqo lokutshalwa kwezimali, kodwa ziyehluka ngendlela eziphathwa ngayo futhi traded.
ETFs kukhona traded ekushintshisaneni njengesitoko ngasinye futhi intengo yazo iyashintshashintsha usuku lonke lokuhweba. Ziyaziwa ngokuguquguquka kwazo njengoba zingathengwa futhi zidayiswe nganoma yisiphi isikhathi phakathi namahora emakethe. Ama-ETF ngokuvamile anezilinganiso eziphansi zezindleko futhi akhokhisa intela kakhulu kunezimali ezihlanganyelwe, okuwenza abe yisinqumo esithandwayo kubatshalizimali abaqaphela izindleko.
Ngokolunye uhlangothi, Izikhwama Zomphakathi ziphathwa ngenkuthalo, okusho ukuthi umphathi wesikhwama wenza izinqumo mayelana nendlela yokwaba impahla esikhwameni. Kunjalo traded kanye kuphela ngosuku ngemva kokuvalwa kwemakethe, ngentengo ye-net asset value (NAV). Izimali ezihlanganyelwe zingadinga ukutshalwa kwezimali okuncane futhi zingathwala izilinganiso zezindleko eziphezulu kunama-ETF. Kodwa-ke, bavame ukutuswa kubatshalizimali besikhathi eside abakhetha indlela yezandla futhi abazimisele ukukhokhela ukuphathwa kochwepheshe.
Empeleni, kokubili ama-ETF kanye Nezikhwama Ezihlangene zihlinzeka ngokuhlukahluka, okungasiza ekunciphiseni ubungozi. Ukukhetha phakathi kwama-ETF nama-Mutual Funds kuncike ezinhlosweni zakho zokutshala izimali, ukubekezelela ubungozi, nesu lokutshala izimali. Njenge trader, kubalulekile ukuqonda lo mehluko ukuze wenze izinqumo ezinolwazi mayelana nokuthi uzoyibeka kuphi imali yakho. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukhetha ama-ETF, i-Mutual Funds, noma inhlanganisela yakho kokubili, khumbula ukuthi zonke izimali ezitshaliwe zinezinga elithile lobungozi futhi kubalulekile ukwenza ucwaningo lwakho ngaphambi kokutshala imali.
3.5. Izabelo kanye Nokwehlukana Kwamasheya
Njengoba ungena emhlabeni wokuhweba ngamasheya, amagama amabili ojwayele ukuhlangana nawo yilawa izabelo futhi isitokwe siqhekeka. Ake sihlaziye izingqimba kulezi zici ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuhweba ngamasheya.
Izihlukaniso empeleni ziyingxenye yenzuzo yenkampani esabalaliswa kubanikazi bamasheya. Ziyindlela izinkampani zokwabelana ngempumelelo yazo nalabo abatshale kuzo. Izabelo zingaba umthombo obalulekile wemali engenayo, ikakhulukazi kulabo abatshale imali ezinkampanini ezinzile, ezikhokha izabelo. Kodwa-ke, akuzona zonke izinkampani ezikhokha izabelo, ikakhulukazi lezo ezisezigabeni zokukhula ezincamela ukuphinda zitshale inzuzo yazo ebhizinisini.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, a ukuhlukaniswa kwesitoko kuyisu lenkampani ukukhulisa inani lamasheya ayo ngokuhlukanisa amasheya akhona. Isibonelo, ekuhlukaniseni isitoko esingu-2 kuya koku-1, kulo lonke isheya onalo, uzothola elengeziwe. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi nakuba lokhu kukhulisa inani lamasheya ongumnikazi wawo, inani lilonke le-investimenti yakho lihlala lifana njengoba inani lesheya ngalinye lehla ngokulingana.
Nakuba izinzuzo zinikeza izinzuzo eziqondile zezezimali, ukuhlukaniswa kwesitoko kungenza amasheya afinyeleleke kalula kubatshalizimali abancane ngokunciphisa intengo ngesheya ngalinye. Kokubili amadividendi kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwesitoko kungaba nomthelela enanini lesitoko senkampani ngakho-ke kuyizinto ezibalulekile okufanele uzicabangele esu lakho lokutshala imali.
Khumbula, ukuqonda le mibono kuyisihluthulelo sokwenza izinqumo ezinolwazi emakethe yamasheya. Ngakho-ke, qhubeka ufunda, hlala unelukuluku lokwazi, futhi uvumele umhlaba wezitoko wembuleke phambi kwakho.
