1. Isingeniso Sezimali Zokuziphatha
Umbuso othakazelisayo we Ezezimali Zokuziphatha ihlanganisa izici zepsychology nezomnotho ukuze uqonde amaphethini wokuthatha izinqumo kwabantu ezimakethe zezimali. Kuwumkhakha ocubungula umnyombo wemvelo yomuntu, izingqinamba zayo, nokungabi nangqondo kwayo, okuvame ukushalazelwa yimibono yezezimali yendabuko. Izimali zendabuko, isibonelo, zithatha ukuthi bonke abatshalizimali banengqondo futhi benza izinqumo ezisekelwe ekukhuliseni ingcebo yabo. Kodwa-ke, kuyiqiniso elaziwayo ukuthi abantu abahlale beyizidalwa ezinengqondo, ingasaphathwa eyokuthatha izinqumo zezimali.
Ezezimali Zokuziphatha ifuna ukuvala leli gebe ngokuhlola ukuthi izici ezihlukahlukene ezingokwengqondo nokuchema zingathonya kanjani ngokuphawulekayo izinqumo zethu zezezimali, ngokuvamile okuholela emiphumeleni engaphansi kunemihle. Yindawo ehlolisisa ukuthambekela komuntu kokusabela ngokweqile ezindabeni, ezinhle noma ezimbi, okuholela ekunyakazeni kwentengo okubukhali okungahambisani nevelu yangaphakathi yokutshalwa kwezimali. Kuphinde kubhekwe ukuthi abantu bavame ukuzethemba ngokweqile ngamakhono abo, okubaholela kulokho trade ngokweqile futhi ungene ezindlekweni eziphezulu zokuthengiselana.
Ukulahlekelwa Ukuzondeka, isimiso esibalulekile se-Behavioral Finance, sisikisela ukuthi abantu bazwa ubuhlungu bokulahlekelwa imali ngaphezu kokujabulela izinzuzo. Lo mgomo uvame ukuholela ekuthathweni kwezinqumo okungenangqondo, njengokubambelela ekulahlekelweni ukutshalwa kwezimali isikhathi eside kunesidingo ngethemba lenguquko noma ukuthengisa utshalomali oluwinile maduzane ukuze uvale izinzuzo.
Ukuqinisekisa Ukuchema esinye isici sokuziphatha esandile lapho abantu bethambekele ekuthandeni ulwazi oluqinisekisa izinkolelo zabo ezikhona futhi bashaye indiva ulwazi olubhekene nabo. Kumongo wokutshala imali, lokhu kuchema kungaholela ekugcizeleleni ngokweqile ezindabeni ezinhle mayelana nokutshalwa kwezimali kanye nokungagcizelelwa kwezindaba ezingezinhle, okuholela ezinqumweni zokutshalwa kwezimali ezinganele.
Ezezimali Zokuziphatha futhi ihlola i Ukwelusa Umphumela, lapho abantu bethonywa izenzo zontanga yabo, okubaholela ekubeni balandele isixuku, ngisho noma kusho ukwenza izinqumo ezingokwezimali ezingenangqondo. Lo mphumela uvame ukubhebhethekisa amabhamuza aqagelayo kanye nokuphahlazeka kwemakethe okungazelelwe.
Ngokuqonda lokhu nokunye ukuchema kokuziphatha, abantu ngabanye bangakwazi ukuzazi kabanzi mayelana nezinqubo zabo zokwenza izinqumo zezezimali futhi bagweme amaphutha abizayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungasiza abeluleki bezezimali ukuthi bavumelanise izeluleko zabo namaklayenti ngamanye, kucatshangelwa izici zabo zokuziphatha ezihlukile kanye nokuchema.
1.1. Incazelo Yezezimali Zokuziphatha
Emkhakheni wezezimali, amamodeli endabuko avame ukusebenza ngaphansi kokucabangela ukuthi abantu ngabanye bayizidalwa ezinengqondo, benza izinqumo ezinengqondo ngokusekelwe olwazini olutholakalayo. Nokho, insimu ye Ezezimali Zokuziphatha inselele le mibono, ukufunda umthelela wesayikholoji ekuziphatheni kwabasebenzi bezezimali kanye nomthelela olandelayo ezimakethe.
Ekugcineni, Ezezimali Zokuziphatha iwumkhakha wemikhakha eyahlukene ehlanganisa ithiyori yengqondo yengqondo nezomnotho ezivamile kanye nezezimali. Ifuna ukunikeza izincazelo zokuthi kungani abantu benza izinqumo zezezimali ezingenangqondo, noma kunalokho, izinqumo eziphambuka kulezo ezibikezelwe ngetiyori evamile yezezimali noma yezomnotho.
Ezezimali Zokuziphatha isekelwe enkolelweni yokuthi abantu abahlale behluzekile noma bezikhathalele, kodwa izinqumo zabo zithonywa ukuchema okuhlukahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, abantu bangase bathonywe ukuchema kwengqondo okufana nalokhu ukuzithemba ngokweqile or ukulahleka kwe-aversion. Ukuzethemba ngokweqile kubhekisela enkolelweni yabatshalizimali yokuthi bangcono kunabanye ekukhetheni okungcono kakhulu Amasheya noma ukubikezela ukuthi izintengo zesitoko zizoya kuphi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukwenyanya ukulahlekelwa kubhekisela ekuthambekeni kwabatshalizimali ekukhetheni ngokuqinile ukugwema ukulahlekelwa ukuze bathole izinzuzo, okuholela ekutheni babambelele ekulahlekelweni kwezitoko ngethemba lokuthi bazobuyela emuva.
Omunye umqondo oyinhloko ku Ezezimali Zokuziphatha is i-prospect theory, okuphakamisa ukuthi abantu benze izinqumo ezisekelwe enanini elingaba khona lokulahlekelwa nezinzuzo kunomphumela wokugcina. Lo mbono uphakamisa ukuthi ubuhlungu bokulahlekelwa ngokwengqondo bunamandla aphindwe kabili kunenjabulo yokuzuza, futhi lokhu kuvame ukudala abantu ukuba bangazifaki engozini.
Ukuqonda lawa mathonya angokwengqondo nokuchema kubalulekile njengoba kungaholela ekudidekeni okuhlukahlukene kwezimakethe, njengamabhamuza empahla nokuphahlazeka, okuyinto ezezimali zendabuko okunzima ukuyichaza. Ezezimali Zokuziphatha inikeza ukuqonda okune-nuanced okwengeziwe kwalezi zenzakalo, futhi ngokulandelayo, kungasiza abatshalizimali kanye nochwepheshe bezezimali benze izinqumo ezinolwazi.
Ekuphetheni, Ezezimali Zokuziphatha iwumkhakha obalulekile ohlinzeka ngemininingwane ebalulekile ezintweni ezingokwengqondo ezinomthelela ezinqumweni zokutshala izimali, ekugcineni enikeza ukuqonda okubanzi okwengeziwe kokuguquguquka kwemakethe.
1.2. Ukubaluleka Kwezimali Zokuziphatha Ekutshaleni Imali
Ukuqonda ukuziphatha komuntu kanye nomthelela wako ekuthathweni kwezinqumo zezezimali kuyisisekelo sokutshala izimali ngempumelelo. Yilapho umqondo we ezezimali zokuziphatha kuyavela, umkhakha ongaphansi wezomnotho wokuziphatha ocwaninga imithelela yezici zengqondo, ingqondo, imizwa, amasiko, nezenhlalo ezinqumweni zezomnotho zabantu ngabanye nezikhungo kanye nemiphumela yamanani emakethe, imbuyiselo, nokwabiwa kwezinsiza.
Esinye sezimiso eziyinhloko zezimali zokuziphatha ukuthi abantu abahlale benengqondo, futhi izinqumo zabo zingathonywa yizici ezihlukahlukene ezingaphezu kwamaqiniso abandayo, aqinile. Ngokwesibonelo, i-heuristics, noma izinqamuleli zengqondo, ngokuvamile zidlala indima ebalulekile ezinqumweni zokutshala izimali. Lezi zinqamuleli zingaholela ekuchemani, njengokuzethemba ngokweqile, lapho umtshali-zimali angase akholelwe ukuthi wazi kakhulu kunabo, noma aqinise, lapho umtshali-zimali ethembele kakhulu ocezwini olulodwa lolwazi.
Ithiyori ye-Prospect, omunye umqondo oyinhloko ezezimali zokuziphatha, uphakamisa ukuthi abantu bazisa izinzuzo nokulahlekelwa ngendlela ehlukile. Bacindezelwe kakhulu ukulahlekelwa okuzayo kunokuba bajabule ngezinzuzo ezifanayo. Lokhu kungaholela ekuthathweni kwezinqumo okungenangqondo, njengokubambelela ekulahlekeni kwezitoko isikhathi eside kakhulu ngethemba lokuthi zizophinde zibuyele, noma ukuthengisa izitoko eziwinile ngokushesha ukuze ukhiye ezinzuzweni.
Ukuqonda lokhu kuziphatha nokuchema kungasiza abatshalizimali benze izinqumo ezinolwazi. Isibonelo, ukuqaphela ukuthambekela kokuzethemba ngokweqile kungaholela umtshali-zimali ukuthi afune ulwazi olwengeziwe noma imibono yesibili ngaphambi kokwenza isinqumo. Ukuqaphela umthelela we-anchoring kungaholela ekuhlaziyweni okuphelele kwalo lonke ulwazi olubalulekile, hhayi nje ucezu lokuqala lolwazi okuhlangatshezwane nalo.
Emotions futhi idlala indima ebalulekile ekutshaleni imali. Ukwesaba nokuhaha kungaqhuba izitayela ezimakethe, futhi abatshalizimali ngabanye bangakhukhuleka emizweni yemakethe. Ukuqaphela indima yemizwa kungaholela ekutshalweni kwezimali okunesimilo amasu, njengokusetha nokunamathela kumaphuzu anqunyiwe okungena kanye nokuphumayo ekutshalweni kwezimali, noma ukusebenzisa isu lokulinganisa izindleko zamadola ukuze unciphise umthelela Ukukhishwa kwemakethe.
Ekugcineni, ukubaluleka kwezimali zokuziphatha ekutshaleni kulele ekhonweni layo lokunikeza ukuqonda okune-nuances okwengeziwe kokuziphatha kwemakethe kanye nokukhetha komuntu ngamunye. Ngokuvuma nokuqonda lezi zici zobuntu, abatshalizimali bangakwazi ukugwema amaphutha abizayo futhi benze izinqumo ezisebenza kahle kakhulu zokutshala izimali. Akukhona nje ukuqonda izinombolo, kodwa ukuqonda abantu ngemuva kwezinombolo. Futhi yilokho okwenza ezezimali zokuziphatha zibe yithuluzi elibaluleke kangaka emhlabeni wokutshala imali.
1.3. Umehluko phakathi Kwezimali Zendabuko kanye Nezezimali Zokuziphatha
Izwe lezezimali ngokwesiko belibuswa amamodeli ezomnotho anengqondo ezithatha ngokuthi abantu bahlale benza izinqumo ezandisa ingcebo yabo. Waziwa ngo Izimali Zendabuko, lawa mamodeli akhelwe phezu kwesisekelo sokuthi izimakethe zisebenza kahle nokuthi abatshalizimali nabaphathi banokufinyelela kulo lonke ulwazi olubalulekile lwezinqubo zokuthatha izinqumo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izimakethe zizohlala zizilungisa zona kanye nokuthi noma yikuphi ukuchezuka ekusebenzeni kahle kwemakethe kumane nje kube okungahleliwe futhi akubikezeleki.
Nokho, isipiliyoni kanye nobufakazi obunamandla bubonise ukuthi le mibono ayilona iqiniso ngaso sonke isikhathi. Lapha kulapho Ezezimali Zokuziphatha iyangena. Ihlose ukuhambisana nezezimali zendabuko ngokwethula isayense yengqondo yomuntu ekuxubeni. I-Behavioral Finance iyavuma ukuthi abantu abahlale benengqondo futhi ngokuvamile benza izinqumo zezezimali ngokusekelwe emizweni, ukuchema, kanye ne-heuristics (izinqamuleli zengqondo).
Ngokwesibonelo, abantu bayathambekela ukuzethemba ngokweqile, lapho bengase balinganisele ngokweqile ulwazi lwabo noma ikhono lokubikezela amathrendi emakethe, okuholela ezinqumweni zezezimali ezingaba yingozi. Okunye ukuchema okuvamile ukulahleka kwe-aversion, lapho abantu bevame ukukhetha ukugwema ukulahlekelwa esikhundleni sokuthola izinzuzo ezifanayo. Lokhu kungaholela ekuthathweni kwezinqumo okungenangqondo, njengokubambelela ekulahlekelweni kwesitoko isikhathi eside kakhulu ngethemba lokuthi zizophinde zibophe.
Lapho Izimali Zendabuko zithatha lokho abatshalizimali abayingozi, Izimali Zokuziphatha ziyakubona lokho ingozi ukubekezelelana kungahluka kakhulu phakathi kwabantu ngabanye futhi kungathonywa izinhlobonhlobo zezici, ezihlanganisa imizwelo nokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu. Lokhu kungaholela ekuziphatheni kwezezimali okungaguquki nokubonakala kungenangqondo, okufana nomuntu ovamise ukungazifaki engozini ekhetha ukutshala engcupheni enkulu, impahla enenzuzo enkulu ngenxa yethonya lezindaba zakamuva noma imibono yabanye.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Behavioral Finance ibuye ihlole ukuthi kanjani izici zenhlalo futhi ukulinganiselwa kwengqondo kungaba nomthelela ezinqumweni zokutshala izimali. Isibonelo, abantu banenkumbulo elinganiselwe namandla okucubungula, okungaholela ekwenziweni lula nokujwayelekile lapho behlola ulwazi lwezezimali oluyinkimbinkimbi. Izici zomphakathi ezifana nokuziphatha komhlambi zingaba nomthelela ezinqumweni zezezimali, lapho abantu ngabanye belandela izenzo zeqembu elikhulu, ngisho noma kuphikisana nezinkolelo zabo siqu noma ulwazi.
Ngamafuphi, ngenkathi Izimali Zendabuko zihlinzeka ngemibono namamodeli ayisisekelo okuqonda izimakethe zezimali, I-Behavioral Finance inikeza umbono ohluke kakhulu ocabangela ukusebenzisana okuyinkimbinkimbi kwemizwa, ukuchema, kanye nezici zomphakathi ekuthathweni kwezinqumo zezezimali. Lokhu kuyenza ibe ithuluzi elibalulekile kubatshalizimali, abeluleki bezezimali, kanye nabenzi bezinqubomgomo abafuna ukuqonda kangcono nokuzulazula ezimakethe zezimali.
2. Imiqondo Ebalulekile Ezezimali Zokuziphatha
Ezezimali zokuziphatha iwumkhakha ohlose ukuhlanganisa izici ezingokwengqondo nezingqondo zokuthatha izinqumo komuntu nethiyori yendabuko yezomnotho neyezezimali. Yindawo engaba nomthelela omkhulu ezinqumweni zokutshala izimali ozenzayo, okungaba nomthelela ekusaseni lakho lezezimali. Ukuqonda okuyisisekelo kwezimiso zezezimali zokuziphatha kungathuthukisa ukwenza kwakho izinqumo zezezimali futhi kukusize ugweme izingibe ezivamile zokutshala izimali.
Omunye wemiqondo eyinhloko ezezimali zokuziphatha umqondo we i-heuristics. I-Heuristics izinqamuleli zengqondo abantu abazisebenzisayo ukwenza izinqumo noma ukwahlulela ngokushesha. Nakuba lezi zinqamuleli zingonga isikhathi, zingase futhi zibangele ukuchema namaphutha. Isibonelo, umtshali-zimali angase athembele ku-heuristic njengokuthi 'ukusebenza kwangaphambilini kuyinkomba yemiphumela yesikhathi esizayo,' okumholela ekuthengeni izitoko ezisanda kusebenza kahle, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zinani langempela noma amandla azo.
Ukuzondwa kokulahlekelwa kungomunye umqondo oyisisekelo kwezezimali zokuziphatha. Kubhekisela ekuthambekeni kwabantu ngabanye ekukhetheni ukugwema ukulahlekelwa kunokuthola izinzuzo ezifanayo. Lokhu kuthambekela kungaholela ekuthathweni kwezinqumo okungenangqondo, njengokubambelela ekulahlekelweni kwe-investimenti isikhathi eside kakhulu ngethemba lokuthi kuzophinde kuqhamuke, noma ukuthengisa utshalomali oluwinile ngokushesha kakhulu ukuze ukhiye ezinzuzweni.
Ukuzethemba ngokweqile okunye ukuchema okubhalwe kahle kokuziphatha. Abatshalizimali abazethemba ngokweqile bathambekele ekucabangeni ngokweqile amakhono abo, ulwazi lwabo, kanye nokunemba kwezibikezelo zabo. Lokhu kuchema kungaholela ekuhwebeni ngokweqile, okunganele ukuhlukahluka, futhi ekugcineni, ukusebenza kokutshalwa kwezimali okuncane.
Umqondo izibalo zengqondo ibalulekile nakwezezimali zokuziphatha. Isho ukuthambekela kokuthi abantu bahlukanise imali yabo kuma-akhawunti ahlukene ngokusekelwe kumibandela ehlukahlukene, njengomthombo wemali nokusetshenziswa okuhlosiwe kwe-akhawunti ngayinye. Lokhu kungaholela ezinqumweni zezezimali ezingenangqondo, njengokuthatha isikweletu sekhadi lesikweletu elinenzalo enkulu kuyilapho ngesikhathi esifanayo ugcina i-akhawunti yokonga enenzalo ephansi.
Ekugcineni, i amandla endowment ibhekisela ekuthambekeleni kokuthi abantu bazise okuthile uma sebenakho. Lokhu kungaholela ezinqumweni zokutshala izimali ezingenangqondo, njengokwenqaba ukuthengisa impahla engasebenzi kahle ngenxa nje yokuthi ungumnikazi wayo.
Ngokuqonda le miqondo eyinhloko kwezezimali zokuziphatha, ungaqala ukubona ukuchema namaphutha ekuthatheni kwakho izinqumo, okukusiza ukuthi wenze izinqumo ezinengqondo nezisebenzayo zezimali.
2.1. I-Prospect Theory
Esinye sezici ezibalulekile ekuthathweni kwezinqumo komuntu indima ye izinzuzo nokulahlekelwa okuboniwe. Lo mqondo uwumgogodla we-Prospect Theory, imodeli enethonya yokuzikhethela. Ithuthukiswe uDaniel Kahneman no-Amos Tversky, le mbono isikisela ukuthi lapho abantu belinganisa ukulahlekelwa okungenzeka kanye nezinzuzo, abagcini nje ngokucabangela umphumela wokugcina. Kunalokho, banikeza isisindo esiningi ekulahlekeni okungase kube khona kunezinzuzo ezilinganayo.
Ngokwesibonelo, ubuhlungu bokulahlekelwa u-$100 buzwakala kakhulu kunenjabulo yokuzuza inani elifanayo. Lokhu kulinganisa kwe-asymmetric, okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi ukulahleka kwe-aversion, ingesinye sezici ezichazayo ze-Prospect Theory. Kunomthelela omkhulu endleleni esikuqonda ngayo ukuziphatha kwabantu, ikakhulukazi emkhakheni wezomnotho nezezimali. Ichaza ukuthi kungani abantu bevame ukubambelela ekulahlekelweni ukutshalwa kwezimali isikhathi eside kunalokho okufanele - ubuhlungu bokubona ukulahlekelwa bukhulu kunomvuzo ongaba khona wokushintsha inkambo.
Yengeza esinye isici ekuthathweni kwezinqumo komuntu, I-Prospect Theory iphinde yethula umqondo wokuthi ukuncika kwereferensi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi inani abantu abalinamathisela emiphumeleni ehlukene lithonywa indawo ethile eyireferensi, kunamanani aphelele emali noma izimpahla. Ngokwesibonelo, ake sithi uthenga imoto entsha. Intengo ozimisele ukuyikhokhela ingase ithonywe inani langempela lemoto noma intengo yemoto efanayo kunesamba esiphelele semali okufanele uyikhokhe.
Okokugcina, i ukulinganisa okungenzeka Ingxenye ye-Prospect Theory ibhekana nokuthambekela kokuthi abantu bacabangele ngokweqile ukuba nokwenzeka kwezenzakalo ezingalindelekile futhi babukele phansi amathuba ezenzakalo ezingase zibe khona. Yingakho abantu bethenga amathikithi elotho noma imishwalense ngokumelene nemicimbi engenzekanga kakhulu - baqikelela kakhulu amathuba okuwina noma okulahlekelwa.
Ngamafuphi, i-Prospect Theory inikeza ukuqonda okune-nuanced ekuthathweni kwezinqumo komuntu. Kugcizelela iqiniso lokuthi asibona abadlali abanengqondo ngaso sonke isikhathi abakala ngokucophelela izindleko nezinzuzo zesinqumo ngasinye. Kunalokho, ukukhetha kwethu kuthonywa ukusebenzisana okuyinkimbinkimbi kwezinto ezingokwengqondo, okuhlanganisa ukwenyanya ukulahlekelwa, ukuncika kwereferensi, kanye nokukala amathuba. Lokhu kuqonda kungabaluleka emikhakheni eyahlukene, kusukela ekuklameni izinqubomgomo ezisebenzayo namasu okumaketha kuya ekuthatheni izinqumo zezezimali zomuntu siqu.
2.2. I-Mental Accounting
Igama I-Mental Accounting isho inqubo yengqondo esiyisebenzisayo thina bantu ukuhlela, ukuhlola, kanye nokulandelela imisebenzi yethu yezezimali. Lo mqondo, owethulwe okokuqala ngumhlomuli kaNobel u-Richard Thaler, uphakamisa ukuthi abantu ngabanye bahlukanise impahla yabo ngama-akhawunti engqondo ahlukene ngokusekelwe ezimweni ezihlukahlukene zokunquma, njengomthombo wemali kanye nokusetshenziswa okuhlosiwe kwe-akhawunti ngayinye.
Isibonelo, ungase ube 'ne-akhawunti yengqondo' ehlukile yomholo wakho, imali oyilondolozile, noma ibhonasi ongalindelekile oyitholile, futhi lawa ma-akhawunti angase ahlukaniswe ngokuqhubekayo ngokusekelwe ekusetshenzisweni kwawo okuhlosiwe njengezidingo, ukunethezeka, noma ukutshalwa kwezimali. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kuvame ukuba nomthelela ekuziphatheni kwethu kokusetshenziswa kwemali nezinqumo zokutshala izimali. Ngokwesibonelo, abanye bangase bazimisele kakhulu ukusebenzisa imali ngokuzumayo, njengokuwina ilotho noma ibhonasi engalindelekile, ezintweni ezingabalulekile kunemali yomholo wabo, abangakhetha ukuyilondoloza noma ukuyitshala.
I-Mental Accounting kungathinta kakhulu inqubo yethu yokuthatha izinqumo ngezezimali. Kungaholela ezinqumweni ezingenangqondo, njengokubambelela esitokweni esingasebenzi kahle ngenxa yokuthi sithengwe ngemali 'esetshenzwe kanzima', kuyilapho kusetshenziswa inani 'elingenangqondo' ekutshalweni kwezimali okuyingozi. Nokho, ingase futhi isebenze njengethuluzi lesabelomali eliwusizo, lisize abantu ngabanye ukuphatha izimali zabo ngokunikeza izimali 'kuma-akhawunti' ahlukene ngezinjongo ezithile. Isihluthulelo siwukubona ukuthi imali iyakwazi ukukhungatheka - kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ivelaphi noma ukusetshenziswa okuhlosiwe, idola liyidola. Ukuqonda lokhu kungasiza ekuvimbeleni ukuchema kokuqonda okuhlotshaniswa ne-Mental Accounting ukuthi kuthinte kabi izinqumo zethu zezezimali.
I-Mental Accounting ihlobene kakhulu nomqondo we ukulahleka kwe-aversion. Lona ukuthambekela kokuthi abantu bancamele ukugwema ukulahlekelwa kunokuthola izinzuzo ezifanayo. Isibonelo, abantu bangase bacasuke kakhulu ngokulahlekelwa u-$20 kunokuba bangajabulela ukuthola u-$20. Lokhu kungaholela ezinqumweni zezezimali ezingenangqondo, njengokubambelela esitokweni esilahlekelwayo ngethemba lokuthi 'izophindela emuva' enanini layo langempela. Ukubona lokhu kuchema kungasiza abantu ukuba benze izinqumo ezinengqondo, futhi ezingaba nenzuzo eyengeziwe, ngokwezezimali.
Ukuqonda nokubona umthelela we I-Mental Accounting kungaba isinyathelo esibalulekile ekwenzeni ngcono inqubo yethu yokuthatha izinqumo ngezezimali. Ngokuqaphela ukuchema nokungabi nangqondo okungase kubangele le nqubo yokuqonda, singenza izinqumo zezimali ezinolwazi, ezinengqondo, futhi ekugcineni zibe nenzuzo eyengeziwe. Phela, emkhakheni wezezimali zomuntu siqu, ukuzazi kuyingxenye yempi enqotshiwe.
2.3. Ukuziphatha Komhlambi
Ukuqonda umqondo we ukuziphatha komhlambi kungaba ingxenye ebalulekile yokusebenzelana kwethu emphakathini, izinqumo zezezimali, kanye nokuqonda jikelele ukuziphatha komuntu. Lesi simo sibhekisela ekuthambekeleni kwabantu abathile eqenjini ukulandela ukuziphatha, izinkolelo, noma izinqumo zeningi. Lo mqondo usuka kubhayoloji yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, lapho bekuyindlela yokusinda eyasiza ukuvikela abantu ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye ngokunamathelana eqenjini.
Ukuziphatha komhlambi kubantu kuvame ukubonwa ezimeni ezehlukene zomphakathi ezifana nezitayela zezimakethe zamasheya, ukuziphatha kokuthengwa kwabathengi, ngisho nezinkambiso nezinkolelo zomphakathi. Isibonelo, ukukhuphuka nokuwa kwemakethe yamasheya ngokuvamile kungase kubangelwe isimo sengqondo somhlambi, njengoba abatshalizimali bevame ukulandela izitayela futhi benze izinqumo ezisekelwe ekuziphatheni okuhlangene kwemakethe. Ngokufanayo, ukuziphatha kwabathengi kuthonywa kakhulu amathrendi adumile kanye nokuziphatha kokuthenga kweningi, okuholela ezimeni ezinjengokuthenga ukwethuka noma ukuphuthuma amagajethi obuchwepheshe bakamuva.
Ithonya lobufakazi bomphakathi idlala indima ebalulekile ekuziphatheni komhlambi. Abantu bathambekele ekuboneni izenzo njengezifaneleka kakhulu noma ezilungile uma bebona abanye benza okufanayo. Lokhu kungabonakala ezimeni ezinjengamathrekhi ahlekayo kuma-sitcom, lapho izethameli zivame ukuthola ihlaya elihlekisayo uma zizwa abanye behleka.
Nokho, ukuziphatha komhlambi kungase futhi kuholele emiphumeleni engemihle, njengokusatshalaliswa kolwazi olunganembile noma ukwakheka kwengqondo yesixuku. Ukusabalala okusheshayo kwezindaba ezingamanga noma amahemuhemu ezinkundleni zokuxhumana kuyisibonelo esiyinhloko sohlangothi olubi lokuziphatha komhlambi, lapho abantu ngabanye babelana noma bakholwe ngolwazi ngaphandle kokuqinisekisa ubuqiniso balo, beqhutshwa iqiniso lokuthi iningi lontanga yabo lenza okufanayo.
Ukuqonda nokuphatha ukuziphatha komhlambi kungaba ithuluzi elinamandla, ikakhulukazi emikhakheni efana neyokumaketha, ezezimali, kanye nokusebenza kwengqondo kwezenhlalo. Kwabakhangisi, ukuqonda ukuziphatha komhlambi kungasiza ekwenzeni amasu emikhankaso yokukhangisa esebenzisa ubufakazi bomphakathi ukuze kube nomthelela ezinqumweni zokuthenga. Kwezezimali, ukuqwashisa ngokuziphatha komhlambi kungasiza ekwenzeni izinqumo zokutshala izimali ezinolwazi ngokuqonda izitayela zezimakethe. Futhi kupsychology yezenhlalo, ucwaningo ngokuziphatha komhlambi lunganikeza ukuqonda ngokuziphatha komuntu kanye namandla omphakathi.
Naphezu kwezincazelo ezimbi ezivame ukuhlotshaniswa nakho, ukuziphatha komhlambi kuyingxenye yemvelo yomuntu. Njengezidalwa zomphakathi, sixhunywe izintambo ukuze sifune ukuqinisekiswa nokuphepha ngezinombolo, okusiholela ekutheni siqondanise ukuziphatha kwethu nalokho kwabaningi. Nakuba lokhu kungase kuholele ezinqumweni ezingahlakaniphile noma izenzo ngezinye izikhathi, kuphinde kube ubufakazi besifiso esizalwa naso sokubumbana komphakathi nokuzwana. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukugcina ukulingana nokwenza izinqumo ezinengqondo kunokulandela umhlambi ngobumpumputhe.
3. Ukuchema Okujwayelekile Kokuziphatha Ekutshaleni Imali
Ezweni lokutshala izimali, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi izenzo zethu nezinqumo zivame ukuthonywa ukuchema okuthile kokuziphatha. Lokhu kuchema kungase kube nomthelela omkhulu kumaqhinga ethu okutshala imali, okungase kuholele emaphutheni abizayo.
Ukuzethemba Ngokweqile Ukuchema ingenye yalezi, lapho abatshalizimali bekholelwa ukuthi ikhono labo lokukhetha amasheya noma ukubeka isikhathi imakethe lingcono kunalokho eliyikho ngempela. Lokhu kuvame ukuholela ekuhwebeni okudlulele nasekuthatheni ubungozi, okubuye kwehlise imbuyiselo yokutshalwa kwezimali okungaba khona. Ucwaningo lukaBarber no-Odean (2000) luveze ukuthi abatshalizimali abazethemba ngokweqile traded 45% ngaphezu kwabatshalizimali abanengqondo, okwehlise izinzuzo zabo zonyaka ngo-2.65%.
Ukuqinisekisa Ukuchema okunye ukuchema okuvamile, lapho abatshali bezimali befuna ulwazi oluqinisekisa izinkolelo zabo ezikhona kuyilapho beshaya indiva ubufakazi obuphikisanayo. Lokhu kungaholela embonweni onethemba ngokweqile lokutshalwa kwezimali, njengoba becabangela kuphela ulwazi olusekela umbono wabo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lokhu kungaholela ezinqumweni ezingezinhle zokutshala izimali njengoba kuvimbela ukuhlolwa okunokulinganisela kwezingozi ezingaba khona kanye nemivuzo.
Ukuchema Kokulahlekelwa Kwezondo, umqondo owethulwe u-Kahneman no-Tversky, ukuthambekela kokuthi abatshalizimali bancamele kakhulu ukugwema ukulahlekelwa kunokuthola izinzuzo ezifanayo. Ngamanye amazwi, ubuhlungu bokulahlekelwa ngokwengqondo bunamandla aphindwe kabili kunenjabulo yokuzuza. Lokhu kuchema kungaholela ezinqumweni ezingezinhle zokutshalwa kwezimali, njengokubambelela ekulahlekeni kwezitoko isikhathi eside kakhulu ngethemba lokuthi zizophinde zibuyele emuva noma zidayise izitoko eziwinile maduzane ukuze zikhiyele izinzuzo.
Umqondo Womhlambi kuwukuchema lapho abatshalizimali belandela okwenziwa abanye kunokuba bathathe izinqumo ezizimele. Lokhu kungaholela kumabhamuza otshalomali kanye nokuphahlazeka, njengoba abatshalizimali bethenga ezimakethe ezinenani eliningi noma bathengise bethukile ngesikhathi sokwehla kwezimakethe, ngokuvamile ngesikhathi esingalungile.
Ekugcineni, Ukuchema Kwakamuva yilapho abatshalizimali benza khona izinqumo ngokusekelwe ezenzakalweni zakamuva noma kokuhlangenwe nakho, becabanga ukuthi amathrendi akamuva azoqhubeka nokuzayo. Lokhu kungaholela ekuphishekeleni ukusebenza, lapho abatshalizimali bethenga amasheya noma izimali ezisanda kwenza kahle, zinganaki iqiniso lokuthi ukusebenza kwangaphambilini akubonisi imiphumela yesikhathi esizayo.
Ukuqonda lokhu kuchema kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokunciphisa umthelela wazo ezinqumweni zethu zokutshala izimali. Ngokuqaphela lokhu kuchema nokuthatha izinyathelo zokukunciphisa, abatshalizimali bangenza izinqumo ezinengqondo nezinolwazi, okuholela emiphumeleni engcono yokutshalwa kwezimali esikhathini eside.
3.1. Ukuzethemba Ngokweqile Ukuchema
Emkhakheni wokutshala izimali kanye nokwenza izinqumo kwezezimali, i-psychology idlala indima enkulu. Esinye sezici ezingokwengqondo ezivame ukuba nomthelela ekuziphatheni komuntu, ikakhulukazi ezinqumweni zokutshala izimali, i ukuzethemba ngokweqile. Lokhu kubandlulula kwengqondo kwenza abantu bakholelwe ukuthi ulwazi lwabo, amakhono, noma ulwazi luphakeme kunalokho oluyikho ngempela. Bathambekele ekulinganiseni ngokweqile ukunemba kwabo kokubikezela, okuholela ezinqumweni ezingase zibe yingozi zokutshala izimali.
Ukwenzelela ukuzethemba ngokweqile kungathatha izinhlobo eziningi, njengokukhohlisa kokulawula, lapho umuntu ekholelwa ukuthi unamandla okulawula imicimbi kunalokho akwenzayo ngempela. Ngokwesibonelo, abanye traders bangase bakholwe ukuthi bangabikezela ukunyakaza kwezimakethe noma balawule imiphumela yabo yokutshala imali. Eqinisweni, izinto eziningi ezingaphezu kwamandla omtshali-zimali zithinta imakethe. Olunye uhlobo ukuchema okungcono kunokuvamile, lapho abantu belinganisela ngokweqile amakhono abo noma ukusebenza uma kuqhathaniswa nabanye. Naphezu kokungenzeki kwezibalo, abantu abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi bangabashayeli abangcono, abatshalizimali, ngisho nabathandi kunesilinganiso, okungaholela ekuziphatheni okuyingozi.
Ukuqonda ukuzethemba ngokweqile ibalulekile ekwehliseni imiphumela yayo. Ukuqaphela lokhu kuchema kungasiza abantu ukuthi benze izinqumo ezilinganiselwe nezinomgomo, ikakhulukazi ezimweni eziphakeme njengokutshala imali. Ukwengeza, ikhuthaza umkhuba wokuthobeka nokufuna iseluleko sangaphandle. Ngokuvuma ukulinganiselwa kolwazi namakhono omuntu, abantu ngabanye bangenza izinqumo ezinolwazi futhi bagweme izingibe ezingaba khona zokuzethemba ngokweqile.
Noma kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuqaphela lokho ukuzethemba ngokweqile akukubi ngokwemvelo. Kwezinye izimo, kungashukumisa abantu ukuba bathathe ubungozi obaliwe futhi baphokophelele imigomo yokuvelela. Isihluthulelo siwukuba nokulinganisela phakathi kokuzethemba nokuthobeka, ukuqaphela amakhono omuntu kuyilapho ukuqaphela ukulinganiselwa komuntu.
Amasu okutshalwa kwezimali ahlose ukunciphisa imithelela yokuzethemba ngokweqile ahlanganisa ukuhlukahluka, ukulinganisa kabusha kwephothifoliyo kaningi, nokusebenzisa umkhathi wokutshala imali wesikhathi eside kunokuba wesikhashana. Lawa maqhinga angasiza ukunciphisa umthelela wokuzethemba ngokweqile ezinqumweni zokutshala izimali, okuholela emiphumeleni engcono yezezimali iyonke.
Ukwenzelela ukuzethemba ngokweqile kuyinto egcwele futhi enamandla engokwengqondo engaba nomthelela omkhulu ekuziphatheni komuntu. Ngokuqonda imithelela yayo engaba khona nokusebenzisa amasu okunciphisa imiphumela yako, abantu ngabanye bangenza izinqumo ezihlakaniphile, ezinolwazi olunzulu ekutshalweni kwezimali nakwezinye izici zokuphila.
3.2. Ukuqinisekisa Ukuchema
Ukuqonda umqondo wokuchema kokuqinisekisa kubalulekile ekubambeni ukuthi thina njengabantu, silucubungula kanjani ulwazi futhi sithatha kanjani izinqumo. Ngokuvamile, sithambekele ekuthandeni ukwaziswa okuqinisekisa izinkolelo zethu ezikhona noma imibono ecatshangelwayo, sinikeze ukucabangela okuncane kokunye okungenzeka. Lokhu kuchema kungaba nomthelela omkhulu enqubweni yethu yokuthatha izinqumo, kusiholele ekwenzeni izinqumo eziyiphutha. Ngokwesibonelo, uma sikholelwa ukuthi utshalomali oluthile lunenzuzo, cishe singase sifune ulwazi olusekela le nkolelo, kuyilapho siziba idatha ephikisana nayo.
Ukuqinisekisa ukuchema akugcini ezinqumweni zezimali; lingena kuzo zonke izici zokuphila komuntu. Kwezombangazwe, ngokwesibonelo, abantu kungenzeka bamukele ulwazi olusekela ukuthambekela kwabo kwezombangazwe futhi bachithe lokho okungakwenzi. Kwezesayensi, abacwaningi bangase bathande imiphumela eqinisekisa imibono yabo, bengayinaki idatha ebabekela inselelo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuchema kokuqinisekisa kungaholela entweni eyaziwa ngokuthi 'ukubekezela enkolweni,' lapho abantu beqhubeka bebambelele ezinkolelweni zabo, ngisho nalapho benikezwa ubufakazi obuziphikisayo. Lokhu kungakhinyabeza ukukhula komuntu siqu kanye nokuqanjwa okusha, njengoba kudikibalisa abantu ekubekeni inselele imibono yabo kanye nokuhlola imibono emisha.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela lokho ukuchema kokuqinisekisa kungaba umphumela 'wokuchayeka okukhethekile,' lapho abantu bezungeza ngamabomu ulwazi oluhambisana nemibono yabo. Lokhu kuchema kungakhawulela ukuqonda kwethu umhlaba, njengoba kudala i-echo chamber eqinisa izinkolelo zethu ezikhona kanye nokucwasa.
Enye yezindlela zokulwa ukuchema kokuqinisekisa kuwukufuna ngenkuthalo futhi sicabangele ukwaziswa okungqubuzana nezinkolelo zethu. Lo mkhuba, owaziwa ngokuthi 'ukuchema kwe-disconfirmation,' usiza ukubekela inselele ukucabanga kwethu futhi wandise imibono yethu. Kuyasiza futhi ukuzibandakanya ezingxoxweni nabantu abanemibono ehlukene, njengoba lokhu kungasichaya emibonweni emisha nemibono emisha.
Ukuqinisekisa ukuchema kuyingxenye yokuqonda komuntu egxilile, futhi akuyona into esingayinqoba kalula. Nokho, ngokukuqaphela nokwenza umzamo wokubekela inselele ukucabanga kwethu, singenza izinqumo ezilinganiselayo nezinolwazi.
3.3. Ukulahlekelwa Ukucasuka
Ngokombono wezezimali zokuziphatha, ukulahleka kwe-aversion kuwumqondo obalulekile othinta ngokujulile izinqubo zethu zokwenza izinqumo zezezimali. Lokhu kuchema kokuqonda, okugxiliswe emqondweni womuntu, kubonisa ukuthambekela kokukhetha ukugwema ukulahlekelwa kunokuthola izinzuzo ezifanayo. Ngamagama alula, ubuhlungu bokulahlekelwa ngokwengqondo bunamandla aphindwe kabili kunenjabulo yokuzuza, okuvame ukuholela ekuthathweni kwezinqumo okungenangqondo ezindabeni zezezimali.
Ukuzondwa kokulahlekelwa kungalandelelwa emuva esikhathini esidlule sokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Abantu baye bavela ukuze babeke ukusinda kuqala, futhi enkathini yokuqala, noma yikuphi ukulahlekelwa kungaholela emiphumeleni eyinhlekelele, kuhlanganise nokulahlekelwa ukuphila. Lezi zintambo zebhayoloji ukuze kugwenywe ukulahlekelwa kwedluliselwe ezinqumweni zethu zesimanje zezimali. Uma kucatshangelwa isimo sokutshala imali, umuntu othonywe ukwenyanya ukulahlekelwa angase abambelele esitokweni esilahlekile isikhathi eside kakhulu, ngethemba lokuthi singase siphinde sibuyele, kuyilapho isinqumo esiphusile kungaba ukunqamula ukulahlekelwa futhi uqhubeke.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukwenyanya ukulahlekelwa kudlulela ngalé kwezindaba zemali. Kuthinta izici ezihlukahlukene zokuphila kwethu, kuhlanganise nezinqumo eziphathelene nempilo, ubuhlobo, ngisho nokukhetha kwansuku zonke. Isibonelo, abantu bavame ukunamathela emisebenzini abangayithandi ngoba besaba 'ukulahlekelwa' okungenzeka okuhlobene nokushintsha imisebenzi, njengokungazinzi noma ijika lokufunda endaweni entsha.
Amandla okulahlekelwa ukuzondwa akhuliswa ngokunye ukuchema komqondo okwaziwa ngokuthi amandla endowment. Lokhu kubhekisela enanini eliphakeme abantu abalibeka ezintweni ngenxa nje yokuthi zingezabo, okwandisa ukwesaba ukulahlekelwa. Isibonelo, othile angase azise ithikithi analo lekhonsathi edumile ngaphezu kwalokho angathanda ukulikhokhela ekuqaleni.
Ukuqonda nokuvuma umthelela wokungathandi ukulahlekelwa kungasiza ekwenzeni izinqumo eziphusile, ezingakhiqizi ngokomzwelo. Ikhuthaza indlela elinganiselayo kakhudlwana ingozi kanye nomvuzo, okungaba yinzuzo ikakhulukazi ezimeni zokutshala izimali. Ngokwesibonelo, ukwamukela amasu afana ukuhlukahluka kungasiza ukunciphisa ukulahlekelwa okungaba khona, ngaleyo ndlela kunciphise umthelela omubi wokuzondwa kokulahlekelwa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuqaphela ukuzondwa kokulahlekelwa nakho kungasiza ekukusebenziseni kahle. Isibonelo, izinkampani zivame ukusebenzisa amasu entengo ezisebenzisa ukwesaba ukulahlekelwa ukushayela ukuthengisa, njengeminikelo yesikhathi esilinganiselwe edala umuzwa wokushoda nokuphuthuma. Ngokufanayo, ekuthatheni izinqumo komuntu siqu, ukuqonda lokhu kuchema kungasiza abantu ukuhlela ukukhetha kwabo esikhangisweni sabo.vantage. Isibonelo, ukusetha iminikelo ezenzakalelayo ku-akhawunti yokulondoloza kungafaka ukulondoloza njengenzuzo, kanti ukungenzi kanjalo kungase kubonakale njengokulahlekelwa.
Ukuzonda ukulahlekelwa, nakuba kugxilile kithi, akunakunqotshwa. Ngokuqwashisa, ukuqonda, kanye nokuthatha izinqumo kwamasu, singazulazula futhi sikhulise lokhu kuchema esikhangisweni sethu.vantage, okuholela ezinqumweni ezingcono zezimali nempilo.
4. Amasu Okunqoba Ukuchema Kokuziphatha
Ukuze uzulazule ngempumelelo ezimakethe zezimali futhi wenze izinqumo eziphusile zokutshala izimali, kubalulekile ukuqonda futhi unqobe ukuchema kokuziphatha okungafiphaza ukwahlulela kwakho. Okunye ukuchema okunjalo ukulahleka kwe-aversion, ukuthambekela okungokwemvelo kokwesaba ukulahlekelwa ngaphezu kokuba sikwazisa izinzuzo. Lokhu kuchema kungaholela esu lokutshalwa kwezimali eliqhutshwa ukwesaba, lapho abatshalizimali bebambelele ekulahlekelweni yizikhundla isikhathi eside kunalokho okufanele ngethemba lokushintsha. Ukuze ubhekane nalokhu, sebenzisa isu lokutshala izimali elinesizotha elibeka imikhawulo enqunywe kusengaphambili yokuthengisa ngokulahlekelwa. Leli su lizokusiza ukuthi ugweme ukuthatha izinqumo ezithinta inhliziyo futhi wamukele ukulahlekelwa okuncane njengengxenye yesu elikhulu lokutshala izimali.
Okulandelayo, sinakho ukuchema kokuqinisekisa, ukuthambekela kokufuna nokunikeza isisindo esengeziwe olwazini oluqinisekisa izinkolelo zethu ezikhona. Lokhu kuchema kungase kubangele umbono ongalinganiseli wamathemba okutshalwa kwezimali kanye nokuzethemba ngokweqile ekuqaguleni komuntu siqu. Ukuze unqobe lokhu kuchema, funa ngenkuthalo imibono ehlukahlukene futhi ucabangele lonke ulwazi olutholakalayo, ngisho noma luphikisana nokucabanga kwakho kwasekuqaleni.
Ukuchema kwakamuva okunye ukuchema okuvamile kokuziphatha, lapho abatshalizimali benikeza isisindo esengeziwe ezenzakalweni zakamuva kuyilapho beziba idatha yomlando. Lokhu kungaholela ezinqumweni zokutshala izimali ezinombono omfishane. Ukuze ulwe nalokhu, buyekeza njalo ukusebenza kwesikhathi eside nokuthrendayo kokutshalwa kwezimali kwakho, kunokugxila ezenzakalweni zakamuva zemakethe kuphela.
Ekugcineni, kukhona ukucabanga komhlambi, ukuthambekela kokulandela isixuku. Lokhu kungaholela ekuthengeni okuphezulu nokudayisa okuphansi, okuphambene nesu eliphumelelayo lokutshala izimali. Kunalokho, lwela ukugcina isimo sengqondo esizimele, usekela izinqumo zakho zokutshala izimali ocwaningweni lwakho siqu nasekuhlaziyeni esikhundleni salokho okuthrendayo emakethe.
Sengiphetha, ngokuqonda lokhu kubandlulula kokuziphatha nokusebenzisa amasu okubhekana nakho, ungathuthukisa inqubo yakho yokuthatha izinqumo futhi uthuthukise ukusebenza kwakho konke kokutshalwa kwezimali. Khumbula, ukutshala izimali ngempumelelo kudinga isiyalo, isineke, kanye nesu elicatshangelwe kahle. Ungavumeli ukuchema kokuziphatha kuphazamise impumelelo yakho yezezimali.
4.1. Ukuqwashisa kanye Nemfundo
Ukuqonda ukubaluleka kwemvelo kwe Ukuqwashisa njengento esemqoka ekukhuleni nasekuthuthukeni komuntu kubaluleke kakhulu. Ezweni elihlala lishintshashintsha futhi eligcwele ulwazi, ikhono lethu lokwazi umhlaba osizungezile, ukuhlukanisa amaqiniso ezinganekwaneni, nokuthuthukisa imibono enolwazi kuyikhono eliyigugu. Ukuqwashisa akuwona umqondo wodwa, kubhangqwe nawo ngokwemvelo imfundo.
Imfundo, ngendlela eyiqiniso ngayo, ayikona nje ukutholwa kolwazi, kodwa yikhono lokusebenzisa lolo lwazi ezimeni zomhlaba wangempela. Kuyinqubo esifunda ngayo ukuziqonda thina, abanye kanye nomhlaba osizungezile. Kuwuhambo lwempilo yonke oluqala kusukela ngesikhathi sizalwa futhi luqhubeke kuze kube ukuphefumula kwethu kokugcina.
Ukuziqaphela kuyingxenye ebalulekile yemfundo evame ukunganakwa kumamodeli okufunda ajwayelekile. Kuhilela ukuqonda imizwa yethu, amandla, ubuthakathaka, izimilo, izindinganiso, kanye nemigomo, nokuqaphela umthelela wako kwabanye. Kuyisinyathelo sokuqala esiholela ekuhlakanipheni ngokomzwelo, isici esaziswa kakhulu emphakathini wanamuhla.
Ukuqwashisa ngemvelo esinye isici esibalulekile. Njengabahlali balo mhlaba, kuwumthwalo wethu ukuqonda umthelela wezenzo zethu emvelweni futhi silwele ukuphila ngendlela eqhubekayo. Imfundo idlala indima ebalulekile ekukhuthazeni lokhu kuqwashisa, ngokusifundisa mayelana nokulingana okuyinkimbinkimbi kwe-ecosystem, imiphumela yezenzo zomuntu emvelweni, kanye nezinyathelo esingazithatha ukuze sinciphise indawo yethu yemvelo.
Umbuso we ukuqwashisa ngamasiko inkulu futhi iyinkimbinkimbi. Njengoba ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kuletha abantu abavela ezizindeni ezihlukahlukene eduze kunanini ngaphambili, kubalulekile ukuqonda nokuhlonipha ukuhlukana kwamasiko. Imfundo ingasiza ukudiliza imibono ecatshangwayo, ikhuthaze ukuzwelana, futhi ikhuthaze ukuthula nokuqonda emiphakathini enamasiko amaningi.
Ukuqwashisa ngezezimali kungenye indawo lapho imfundo ingenza khona umehluko omkhulu. Kusukela ekuqondeni okuyisisekelo kokwenza isabelomali nokonga kuye ekwenzeni izinqumo zokutshala unolwazi, imfundo yezezimali inganika abantu amandla, yehlise ubumpofu, futhi ikhuthaze ukukhula komnotho.
Esikhathini sedijithali, ukuqwashisa nge-cyber sekuvele umngcele omusha wemfundo. Njengoba sichitha isikhathi esiningi ku-inthanethi, kubalulekile ukuqonda ubungozi obuhlobene nomhlaba wedijithali, njengobuxhwanguxhwangu base-inthanethi, ukwebiwa kobunikazi, kanye ne-inthanethi. izikhwama. Imfundo ingahlinzeka ngamathuluzi adingekayo ukuze uzulazule emhlabeni wedijithali ngokuphepha nangokuzibophezela.
Sengiphetha, ukuqwashisa nokufundisa kuyizinhlangothi ezimbili zohlamvu lwemali olufanayo, ngalunye luthuthukisa futhi lugcwalise olunye. Ngokugqugquzela ukuqwashisa ngemfundo, singazinika amandla thina kanye nabanye ukuze senze izinqumo ezinolwazi, sihlanganyele ngendlela eyakhayo nomhlaba, futhi ekugcineni, siphile izimpilo ezigculisayo. Njengoba isisho esidumile sikaNelson Mandela sithi, “Imfundo iyisikhali esinamandla ongasisebenzisa ukushintsha umhlaba”.
4.2. Ukwehlukaniswa
Ukutshala imali engcebweni eyodwa noma ukugxila kuphela kusethi yekhono elilodwa kuqhathaniswa nokubeka wonke amaqanda akho kubhasikidi owodwa. Uma lelo thangi elilodwa lokutshala imali noma uma isethi yakho yamakhono iphelelwa yisikhathi, usala ungenalutho. Yilapho ukubaluleka ukuhlukahluka uyangena.
Nakuba ngokwesiko isetshenziswa kumongo wamaphothifoliyo okutshalwa kwezimali, umqondo wokuhlukahluka uyasebenza ngokulinganayo ekuthuthukiseni ubuntu bomuntu obumbene kanye nesethi yamakhono. Njengoba nje isabalalisa ubungozi kuzo zonke izimali ezitshaliwe, ukwehlukanisa amakhono akho nolwazi ingasiza ukuvikela okungalindelekile. Ngokwesibonelo, uma ikhono elilodwa liba ntula ngenxa yentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, ukuba namanye amakhono ongabuyela kuwo kungase kusindise ukuphila.
Ukuhlukahluka ekufundeni kubalulekile futhi. Ikhuthaza ukuqonda okubanzi nokwazisa imikhakha eyahlukene, engagqugquzela ubuhlakani nokuqamba izinto ezintsha. Ingase futhi inikeze umbono ophelele womhlaba, ikusize uqonde kangcono futhi uxhumane nabantu abavela ezizindeni namasiko ahlukene.
Uma kuziwa ekuthuthukisweni kwemisebenzi, ukuhlukahluka kungaba wushintsho lwangempela lomdlalo. Ukuhlukanisa ukuzizwisa kwakho kochwepheshe akugcini nje ngokuthuthukisa isethi yakho yamakhono kodwa futhi inikeza ukuchayeka ezimbonini ezahlukene, izindima, kanye nemibono. Lokhu kungathuthukisa ukuguquguquka kwakho, kukwenze uthandeke kakhulu kwabangase babe abaqashi.
Mayelana nokukhula komuntu siqu, ukuhlukahluka kungathuthukisa ukukhuthazela. Ngokuhlangabezana nezimo nezinselele ezahlukahlukene, uthuthukisa izinhlobonhlobo zamasu okubhekana nazo. Lokhu kungakusiza ukuthi uzulazule kangcono ebuhleni nasebubini bempilo.
Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuhlukahluka akuholeli ekuntulekeni kokugxila noma ubuchwepheshe kunoma iyiphi indawo eyodwa. Ukufinyelela ukulingana phakathi kobubanzi nokujula kubalulekile. Kumayelana nokuba ne amakhono, kodwa futhi nokuwugcwalisa ngesisekelo esibanzi solwazi namakhono.
Ngakho-ke, njengephothifoliyo ehlukahlukene yokutshalwa kwezimali, isethi yamakhono ahlukahlukene, ukuzizwisa, nolwazi lunganikeza inetha yokuphepha, lukhuthaze ukusungula, luthuthukise ukuzivumelanisa nezimo, futhi lwakhe ukuqina. Kuyisu elingakhokha ngezabelo kuzo zombili izimo zezimali nezomuntu.
4.3. Ukusetshenziswa Robo-abacebisi
Ukufika kobuchwepheshe emkhakheni wezezimali kulethe izinguquko eziningi, okukodwa okubalulekile okuwukukhuphuka komnotho. robo-abacebisi. Lezi yizinkundla zedijithali ezihlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zokuhlela zezezimali ezizenzakalelayo, eziqhutshwa yi-algorithm ngaphandle kokugadwa okuncane noma okungekho muntu. Umeluleki we-robo ojwayelekile uqoqa ulwazi kumakhasimende mayelana nesimo sawo sezezimali nezinjongo zesikhathi esizayo ngohlolo lwe-inthanethi, bese esebenzisa idatha ukuze anikeze iseluleko futhi atshale ngokuzenzakalelayo izimpahla zeklayenti.
Isikhangiso sokuqalavantage of robo-advisors kungokwabo ukusebenza kwezindleko. Abeluleki bezezimali bendabuko ngokuvamile bakhokhisa phakathi kuka-1% kuya ku-2% wesamba sempahla ephethwe, kuyilapho abeluleki be-robo bevame ukukhokhisa izinkokhelo eziphansi kakhulu, ngokuvamile cishe u-0.25% kuya ku-0.50% wezimpahla ezingaphansi kokuphathwa. Lokhu, kuhambisana nenani elincane elidingekayo ukuze uqale ukutshala izimali, kwenza abeluleki be-robo babe inketho efinyeleleka kalula kulabo abanemali encane.
Enye inzuzo yabacebisi be-robo yibo ubulula nokulula. Abasebenzisi bangafinyelela ama-akhawunti abo noma kuphi nanoma nini, okwenza kube lula ukuqapha ukutshalwa kwezimali nokwenza izinguquko uma kudingeka. Imvelo ezenzakalelayo yalezi zinsizakalo iphinde isuse isici semizwa sokutshala imali, okungase kuholele ekuthathweni kwezinqumo ezimbi.
Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwabacebisi be-robo nakho kuza nama-disad ambalwavantages. Indlela yabo esekwe ku-algorithm ayinakho ukuthinta komuntu siqu ukuthi abeluleki abangabantu bangahlinzeka. Isibonelo, abakwazi ukuqonda ama-nuances wesimo sezimali seklayenti ngendlela efanayo nomuntu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abeluleki be-robo ngokuvamile balandela a setha isu lokutshala imali ngokusekelwe ku-Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT), engase ingahambisani namafilosofi athile okutshala imali amakhasimende.
Nakuba abacebisi be-robo ngokuqinisekile beyintsha ephawulekayo embonini yezezimali, ukusetshenziswa kwabo kufanele kunqunywe izimo zomuntu ngamunye kanye nezintandokazi. Labo abakhetha indlela yomuntu siqu, yangokwezifiso bangase babe ngcono uma benomeluleki ongumuntu. Kodwa-ke, kulabo abazisa ukuphumelela kwezindleko kanye nokulula, abacebisi be-robo bangaba yisinqumo esihle kakhulu. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukhetha yiphi indlela, ukhiye uwukuba uhlale unolwazi futhi phatha ngenkuthalo izimali zakho ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi zihambisana nemigomo yakho yezezimali.
5. Isiphetho
Ukuqonda ubunkimbinkimbi, ukuhlukahluka, kanye namandla e esintwini kubalulekile kuyo yonke inqubo yokuthatha izinqumo, kungaba kwezamabhizinisi, ezombusazwe, noma ebudlelwaneni bomuntu siqu. Uma sikhuluma ngabantu, sibhekisela ezintweni eziningi - kusukela kuzici zebhayoloji kuya ezicini zengqondo, kusukela emathonyeni amasiko kuye kokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu. Lezi zici zifaka isandla ekwehlukeni kwawo wonke umuntu futhi zihlangene zakha ukuhlukahluka komphakathi wesintu.
Ukuqonda kwengqondo isici esisodwa esiyinhloko. Abantu abaqhutshwa nje kuphela ukucabanga okunengqondo noma umzwelo wokuphila, kodwa futhi nemizwelo, izinkolelo, kanye nezindinganiso. Sinekhono lokucabanga, lokucabanga, nokwenza izinqumo ezisekelwe kukho kokubili izinqubo zengqondo nezimo zemizwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu banekhono eliyingqayizivele lokuzazi, ukuzihlola, nokuzindla, okungaba nomthelela omkhulu ekuziphatheni nasekuthatheni izinqumo.
Biology kungenye into ebalulekile. Ubuchopho bomuntu, nenethiwekhi yabo eyinkimbinkimbi yama-neurons nama-synapses, yisitho esiyinkimbinkimbi kunazo zonke endaweni yonke eyaziwayo. Inesibopho semicabango, imizwa, nokuziphatha kwethu. Ukuqonda izici zebhayoloji zemvelo yomuntu, njengezakhi zofuzo, i-neurobiology, ne-physiology, kunganikeza imininingwane ejulile ngokuziphatha komuntu kanye namandla oshintsho.
Amathonya amasiko nezenhlalo nazo zibalulekile ekuqondeni abantu. Siyizidalwa zomphakathi ezihlala futhi ezichumayo emiphakathini. Amasiko ethu, imiphakathi, kanye nobudlelwano phakathi kwabantu bumba imibono yethu, izinkolelo, nokuziphatha. Ukubona umthelela walezi zici zezenhlalo nezamasiko kungasisiza siqonde ukunotha nokuhlukahluka kokuhlangenwe nakho kwabantu kanye nemibono.
Okuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu kanye nokwehluka komuntu ngamunye futhi idlala indima ebalulekile. Wonke umuntu unendaba yokuphila eyingqayizivele eyakhiwe inqwaba yokuhlangenwe nakho. Lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho, kanye nokuhluka komuntu ngamunye ngobuntu, ukuhlakanipha, nezinye izici, kunengxenye ekuhlukeni komuntu ngamunye.
Amandla omuntu isiphetho sazo zonke lezi zici. Abantu banekhono elimangalisayo lokufunda, lokusungula izinto, ukuzivumelanisa nezimo, nokukhula. Lawa mandla awanqunyelwe kodwa angathuthukiswa futhi akhuliswe ngezindlela ezahlukene, njengemfundo, ukuqeqeshwa, kanye nemisebenzi yokuzithuthukisa.
Empeleni, ukuqonda abantu kuwumzamo wezinhlangothi eziningi odinga indlela ebanzi. Kubandakanya ukuqaphela nokwazisa ubunkimbinkimbi nokwehlukahlukana kwemvelo yomuntu, kanye nokwamukela amandla amakhulu akhona kuwo wonke umuntu. Lokhu kuqonda kungasiqondisa ekukhuthazeni ubudlelwano obunozwela, obufaka wonke umuntu, nobusebenzayo, imiphakathi, nezikhungo.
5.1. Isibuyekezo Sokubaluleka Kokuqonda Ukuziphatha Komuntu Ekutshaleni Imali
Amasu okutshala imali avame ukuzungeza izinombolo, amashadi, nezinkomba zezomnotho. Nokho, isici sokuziphatha komuntu asinakunakwa njengoba sinomthelela omkhulu ezinqumweni zokutshala izimali. Ukuziphatha komuntu ekutshaleni imali isho inqubo yokwenza izinqumo zokutshala izimali ezisekelwe emizweni, ukuchema, nezici zengqondo.
Abatshalizimali abahlale benengqondo, futhi izinqumo zabo zivame ukuthonywa imizwelo yabo. Ngokwesibonelo, yokwesaba nokuhaha yimizwa emibili eyinhloko ethinta kakhulu izinqumo zokutshala izimali. Ukwesaba kungabangela abatshalizimali ukuthi bathengise ukutshalwa kwezimali kwabo ngentengo ephansi ngesikhathi sokwehla kwezimakethe, kuyilapho ukuhaha kungase kubaholele ekuthengeni okwengeziwe ngesikhathi sokukhuphuka kwezimakethe, okungase kuholele ekutshalweni kwezimali ezimpahleni ezinenani eliphakeme.
Ukuqinisekisa ukuchema esinye isici sokuziphatha esithinta ukutshala imali. Kulapho abatshalizimali befuna ulwazi oluqinisekisa izinkolelo zabo ezikhona futhi bashaye indiva ulwazi oluphikisana nazo. Ukuchema okunjalo kungaholela ezinqumweni ezingezinhle zokutshalwa kwezimali njengoba kunciphisa umbono futhi kukhawulele ukucatshangwa kwezinketho zokutshala izimali ezihlukahlukene.
Ukwengeza, i ukucabanga komhlambi kungaba nomthelela omkhulu esu lokutshala izimali. Abatshalizimali bavame ukulandela isixuku, ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi zokuntengantenga kwezimakethe. Nakuba lokhu ngezinye izikhathi kungase kuholele enzuzweni yezimali, kungase futhi kuholele ekulahlekelweni okukhulu uma isixuku sibheke endaweni engafanele.
Ukuzethemba ngokweqile esinye isici esingaba nomthelela omubi ezinqumweni zokutshala izimali. Abatshalizimali abazethemba ngokweqile bavame ukukholelwa ukuthi banolwazi oluphakeme noma ikhono lokubikezela amathrendi emakethe, okuholela ekubeni bathathe ubungozi obudlulele.
Ukuqonda lezi zici zokuziphatha kungasiza abatshalizimali benze izinqumo ezinolwazi futhi eziphusile. Ngokuqaphela imizwa yabo nokuchema, abatshalizimali bangasebenza ukuze babalawule futhi babavimbele ekuthonyeni kabi isu labo lokutshala izimali. Lokhu kungaholela ezinqumweni zokutshala izimali ezisebenza ngempumelelo kanye nembuyiselo engase ibe phezulu.
Ngaphezu kwabatshalizimali ngabanye, abeluleki bezezimali ingazuza futhi ekuqondeni ukuziphatha komuntu ekutshaleni imali. Abeluleki bangasebenzisa lolu lwazi ukuze baqonde kangcono izidingo nokuziphatha kwamakhasimende abo, babasize banikeze izeluleko eziqondene nawe nezisebenzayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkampani nezinhlangano zingasebenzisa imininingwane ngokuziphatha kwabantu ukuze zithuthukise amasu azo ebhizinisi. Isibonelo, bangasebenzisa lokhu kuqonda ukuze benze imikhiqizo namasevisi ahlangabezana kangcono nezidingo nokuthandwa ngamakhasimende abo, ngaleyo ndlela bakhulise isikhangiso sabo esiqhudelanayo.vantage.
Naphezu kokubaluleka kokuqonda ukuziphatha komuntu ekutshaleni imali, kuyinkambu eyinkimbinkimbi futhi enezici eziningi. Ngakho-ke, ukufunda nokuhlola okuqhubekayo kubalulekile kubatshalizimali, abeluleki, kanye nezinkampani ngokufanayo. Kodwa-ke, izinzuzo ezingaba khona zibalulekile, okwenza kube umzamo ozuzisayo kunoma ubani ohileleke enqubweni yokutshala izimali.
5.2. Amathrendi Azayo Kwezezimali Zokuziphatha
Njengoba singena esikhathini esizayo, kukhona amathrendi ambalwa aphawulekayo avelayo emkhakheni wezezimali wokuziphatha adinga ukunaka kwethu. Okokuqala, ukuhlanganiswa kwe Ukuhlakanipha okungekhona okwangempela (AI) kanye Nokufunda Ngomshini (ML) kwezezimali zokuziphatha kukhula kakhulu. Lobu buchwepheshe bunamandla okuguqula indlela esiqonda ngayo futhi sichaze ukuziphatha komuntu ekuthathweni kwezinqumo zezezimali. Bangakwazi ukuhlaziya inani elikhulu ledatha, bahlonze amaphethini namathrendi okungaba nzima, noma kungenzeki, ngabantu ukukubona. Lokhu kungaholela ekuqaguleni okunembe kakhudlwana kokuziphatha kwemakethe kanye namasu okutshala asebenza ngempumelelo.
Omunye umkhuba othembisayo ukwanda kokugxila kukho ezezimali ezingokomzwelo. Lo mkhakha wezezimali wokuziphatha ucubungula izici ezithinta imizwa nezingokwengqondo zokutshala imali, kuhloswe ngazo ukuqonda ukuthi imizwa inethonya kanjani ezinqumweni zezezimali. Njengoba siqhubekela phambili, singalindela ukubona ucwaningo olwengeziwe kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezingokoqobo kule ndawo, njengokuthuthukiswa kwamathuluzi namasu okusiza abatshalizimali balawule imizwa yabo futhi benze izinqumo eziphusile.
Ukuphakama i-neurofinance kungenye inkambiso okufanele uyibuke. Lo mkhakha omusha uma kuqhathaniswa uhlanganisa i-neuroscience nezezimali ukuze uhlole ukuthi ubuchopho bethu bucubungula kanjani ulwazi lwezezimali futhi benze izinqumo. I-Neurofinance inganikeza imininingwane ebalulekile ezinqubweni zokuqonda ezihilelekile ekuthathweni kwezinqumo zezezimali, okungase kuholele emfundweni yezezimali esebenza ngempumelelo kanye nezinsizakalo zokweluleka.
Ukukhula kokuqashelwa kokubaluleka ulwazi lwezezimali futhi kuwumkhuba okufanele uqashelwe. Kunokwanda kokuqwashisa ukuthi ukuziphatha kwabantu ngokwezimali kuthonywa kakhulu izinga labo lokufunda ngezezimali. Ngakho-ke, kunomfutho okhulayo wemfundo yezezimali eyengeziwe futhi engcono ukusiza abantu benze izinqumo zezimali benolwazi. Lokhu kungase kuholele ekushintsheni endleleni izinsizakalo zezezimali ezilethwa ngayo, kugxilwe kakhulu kwezemfundo nasekufukuleni amandla.
Okokugcina, ikusasa lezezimali zokuziphatha lingabona ukugcizelelwa okukhulu ukuzenzela. Ngokubona ukuthi wonke umuntu uhlukile, ngokuziphatha kwakhe, izinto azithandayo, nokuchema, kunokuthambekela okukhulayo ekuletheni izeluleko nezinsizakalo zezezimali eziqondene nawe. Lokhu kungase kuhlanganise ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-AI ne-ML ukuze kuhlaziywe indlela abantu abaziphatha ngayo ngokwezimali kanye nokuhlanganisa izinsiza ezihambisana nezidingo nezimo zabo ezithile.
Zonke lezi zindlela zikhomba ukuthi ikusasa lezezimali zokuziphatha lizoba seqophelweni eliphezulu kakhulu kwezobuchwepheshe, ligxile kakhulu kubantu, futhi libe ngelamuntu, kugxilwe kakhulu ekuqondeni nasekuthuthukiseni ukuziphatha kwabantu ngokwezimali.
