Uzihlaziya Kanjani Izitatimende Zezimali Zenkampani

1. Ukuqonda Okuyisisekelo Sezitatimende Zezimali

Ukungena ezweni lokuhlaziywa kwezezimali, umuntu kufanele aqale aqonde ukwakheka okuyisisekelo kanye nezingxenye zezitatimende zezimali. Zisebenza njengesisekelo sokuhlaziywa kwenkampani, zinikeza isifinyezo sempilo yezezimali yenkampani nokusebenza kwayo.

The ishidi lokulinganisa, owokuqala kulawa madokhumenti abalulekile, unikeza isifinyezo sezimpahla zenkampani, izikweletu, nokulingana ngesikhathi esithile. Impahla ihlanganisa yonke into inkampani enayo, kusukela kukheshi nohlu lwamagama kuya empahleni namathuluzi. Izikweletu, ngakolunye uhlangothi, zimelela lokho inkampani ekukweletayo, okuhlanganisa izimali mboleko, ama-akhawunti akhokhwayo, kanye nesikweletu sesikhathi eside. Umehluko phakathi kwezimpahla nezikweletu usinikeza ukulingana kwenkampani, okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi ukulingana kwabanikazi bamasheya.

Okulandelayo kuza isitatimende senzuzo. Lo mbhalo ubonisa imali engenayo, izindleko, nezindleko zenkampani phakathi nesikhathi, unikeza isithombe esicacile senzuzo yenkampani. Imali engenayo, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-top line, ikhiqizwa emisebenzini yebhizinisi eyinhloko yenkampani. Izindleko nezindleko, ezidonswa emalini engenayo, zihlanganisa izindleko zezimpahla ezithengisiwe, izindleko zokusebenza, izintela, nenzalo. Inani lokugcina, imali engenayo, ngokuvamile libizwa ngokuthi umugqa ophansi, futhi libonisa inzuzo yenkampani.

Isitatimende sesithathu esiyisihluthulelo sithi isitatimende sokugeleza kwemali. Ngokungafani nesitatimende semali engenayo, esingathinteka yizinqubo zokubalwa kwezimali, isitatimende sokugeleza kwemali sinikeza umbono oqondile wokuthi yimalini eyenziwa yinkampani nokuthi isetshenziswa kuphi. Ihlukaniswe yaba izigaba ezintathu: ukungena kwemali okuvela emisebenzini yokusebenza, imisebenzi yokutshala izimali, nemisebenzi yokuxhasa ngezimali.

• Imisebenzi yokusebenza hlanganisa imiphumela yemali yemisebenzi edala imali engenayo nezindleko. Lisitshela ukuthi ingakanani imali eyenziwa yibhizinisi eliyinhloko lenkampani.
• Imisebenzi yokutshala imali zibonisa ukuthengwa kwenkampani nokudayiswa kwezimpahla zesikhathi eside, njengezakhiwo namathuluzi.
• Imisebenzi yezimali khombisa ukungena kwemali okuvela nangaphandle kwemithombo, njengababolekisi, abatshalizimali, nabanikazi bamasheya.

Ukuqonda lezi zitatimende zezimali ezintathu kubalulekile ekuhlaziyeni impilo yezimali yenkampani. Bahlinzeka ngedatha eluhlaza ezosetshenziswa ekuhlaziyeni isilinganiso sezimali, ukuhlaziya izitayela, nokuqhathaniswa komkhakha, phakathi kokunye. I-balance sheet ikhombisa ukuthi inkampani enayo futhi ikukweleta ini, isitatimende semali engenayo siveza ukuthi imisebenzi inenzuzo kangakanani, futhi isitatimende sokugeleza kwemali sidalula ukuthi yimalini ekhiqizwayo futhi esetshenzisiwe.

1.1. Incazelo Nokubaluleka Kwezitatimende Zezimali

Emhlabeni wokuhweba, i isitatimende semali ifana nenhliziyo yenkampani. Kuwumbhalo obalulekile ohlinzekayo traders nombono obanzi wempilo yezezimali yenkampani. Kodwa siyini ngempela isitatimende sezimali, futhi kungani sibaluleke kangaka?

Isitatimende sezimali, ngendlela yaso elula, siyirekhodi elinemininingwane lemisebenzi yezezimali yenkampani. Ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezintathu eziyinhloko: ishidi lebhalansi, isitatimende semali engenayo, kanye nesitatimende sokugeleza kwemali.

The ishidi lokulinganisa inikeza isifinyezo sezimpahla zenkampani, izikweletu, nokulingana kwabanikazi bamasheya ngesikhathi esithile. Kuyanikeza trader ukuqonda ukuthi yini inkampani enayo nekweletayo, kanye nenani elitshalwe abaninimasheya.

The isitatimende senzuzo ibonisa imali engenayo, izindleko, nezindleko zenkampani esikhathini esithile. Lesi sitatimende sibalulekile traders njengoba inikeza umbono wenzuzo yenkampani, noma ukuntuleka kwayo.

The isitatimende sokugeleza kwemali, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ibonisa ukuthi izinguquko eshidini lebhalansi nemali engenayo ziyithinta kanjani imali nokulingana nemali. Ihlukanisa ukuhlaziya kuze kube yimisebenzi yokusebenza, yokutshala imali, kanye neyokuxhasa ngezimali.

Ngalezi zingxenye ezintathu, isitatimende sezimali sihlinzeka ngemininingwane ebanzi yesimo sezimali senkampani. Kodwa kungani ibalulekile?

Ukubaluleka kwezitatimende zezimali angeke kweqiswe. Zisebenza njengethuluzi elibalulekile le traders ukwenza izinqumo ezinolwazi. Ngokuhlaziya izitatimende zezimali zenkampani, traders ingahlola inzuzo yenkampani, izimali, i-solvency, nokusebenza kahle.

Ngezitatimende zezimali, traders ingakwazi ukuhlonza izitayela namaphethini ekusebenzeni kwezimali kwenkampani, ibikezele ukusebenza kwesikhathi esizayo, futhi iqhathanise nezinye izinkampani embonini efanayo. Bangakwazi futhi ukukhomba izimpawu ezibomvu ezingaba khona, njengokwenyusa amazinga esikweletu noma ukuncipha kwemali engenayo, okungase kubonise izinkinga ezikhona ngaphakathi kwenkampani.

Ngakho ke traders, kubalulekile ukuqonda incazelo nokubaluleka kwezitatimende zezimali. Akuwona nje amadokhumenti agcwaliswe izinombolo, kodwa amathuluzi anamandla angakusiza wenze izinqumo zokuhweba ezinolwazi namasu.

1.2. Izingxenye Ezibalulekile Zezitatimende Zezimali

Lapho ungena emhlabeni wezitatimende zezimali, kubalulekile ukuqonda izingxenye ezibalulekile ezakha la madokhumenti.

The Ibhalansi Ishidi, eyaziwa nangokuthi isitatimende sesimo sezimali, sinikeza isifinyezo sempilo yezezimali yenkampani ngesikhathi esithile. Ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezintathu eziyinhloko: izimpahla, izikweletu, nokulingana kwabanikazi bamasheya. Amafa yizinsiza zenkampani, ezingakhiqiza izinzuzo zezomnotho zesikhathi esizayo. Izikweletu bamele izibopho kubantu besithathu, kuyilapho Ukulingana Kwabaninimasheya iyinzalo eyinsalela ezimpahleni zenkampani ngemva kokudonsa izikweletu.

Okulandelayo, sine Isitatimende Somholo. Lo mbhalo ufingqa imali engenayo, izindleko, nezindleko zenkampani esikhathini esithile. Iqala ngesamba semali engenayo, idonsa izindleko zezimpahla ezithengisiwe (COGS) ukuze ifike enzuzweni yonke. Ngemva kokudonsa izindleko zokusebenza, inzalo, nezintela, sifika emalini engenayo, okuyinzuzo noma ukulahlekelwa kwenkampani kwaleso sikhathi.

The Isitatimende sokuhamba kwemali enye ingxenye ebalulekile. Inikeza ulwazi olumayelana namarisidi emali enkampani kanye nezinkokhelo zemali phakathi nesikhathi sokubala. Ihlukaniswe yaba izigaba ezintathu: imisebenzi yokusebenza, imisebenzi yokutshala izimali, nemisebenzi yokuxhasa ngezimali.

Okokugcina, kukhona Isitatimende Sezinguquko Zokulingana. Inikeza umbiko onemininingwane yezinguquko ekulinganeni kwenkampani ngesikhathi esithile. Kuhlanganisa izingxenye ezifana nemali ekhishiwe, amaholo agciniwe, nezinye izimali ezigciniwe.

Lapho uhlaziya lezi zitatimende, kubalulekile ukuthi ungabheki nje izibalo kodwa uqonde indaba engemuva kwazo. Isibonelo, imali engenayo ephezulu ngokuvamile iwuphawu oluhle, kodwa uma ngokuyinhloko ingenxa yezinzuzo zesikhathi esisodwa kanye nokungenayo imali engenayo ephindelelayo, ingase ingakwazi ukusimama ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngokufanayo, inkampani enezimpahla eziphezulu kodwa futhi nezikweletu eziphezulu ingase ingazinzi ngokwezimali ngendlela ebonakala ngayo.

Ukuqonda lezi zingxenye ezibalulekile kanye nokusebenzisana kwazo kubalulekile ekuhloleni impilo yezezimali yenkampani nokwenza izinqumo zohwebo ezinolwazi.

2. Ukuhlaziya Izitatimende Zezimali

Singena enhliziyweni yokuhlaziywa kwesitatimende sezimali, sizithola sizulazula emagagasini aneziyaluyalu Amashidi Wokulinganisela, Izitatimende Zemali Engenayo, Futhi Izitatimende Zokugeleza Kwemali. Umbhalo ngamunye kulawa unikeza umbono oyingqayizivele empilweni yezezimali yenkampani, futhi ukuwaqonda kubalulekile ekwenzeni izinqumo zokuhweba unolwazi.

The Ibhalansi Ishidi kufana nesifinyezo sesimo sezimali senkampani ngesikhathi esithile. Inikeza imininingwane ngezimpahla zenkampani, izikweletu, kanye nokulingana kwabanikazi bamasheya, inikeza umbono obanzi walokho inkampani enayo nekweletayo, kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali okwenziwa abanikazi bamasheya. Lapho uhlaziya ishidi lebhalansi, traders kufanele inake kakhulu kwenkampani Isilinganiselo samanje (izimpahla zamanje ezihlukaniswa izikweletu zamanje), okunikeza ukuqonda emandleni enkampani okukhokha izibopho zayo zesikhathi esifushane.

Okulandelayo kuza Isitatimende Somholo, irekhodi lenzuzo yenkampani esikhathini esinqunyiwe. Ichaza imali engenayo, izindleko, nezindleko zenkampani, okufinyelela umvuthwandaba ngemali engenayo yonke. Traders kufanele ibheke izitayela ekukhuleni kwemali engenayo nemali engenayo yonke, kanye nezindleko zezimpahla ezithengiswayo (COGS) nezindleko zokusebenza. Isilinganiso esiyisihluthulelo sokuhlaziya lapha yi Inzuzo margin (imali engenayo ihlukaniswe ngesamba semali engenayo), ekhombisa ukuthi yimalini inzuzo eyenziwa ngedola ngalinye lokuthengisa.

Ucezu lokugcina lwale puzzle yezezimali yi Isitatimende sokuhamba kwemali. Lo mbhalo urekhoda ukuthi izinguquko kuma-akhawunti eshidi lebhalansi kanye nemali engenayo ziyithinta kanjani imali nokulingana nokheshi, futhi wehlukanisa ukuhlaziya kube imisebenzi yokusebenza, ukutshala imali, kanye nokuxhasa ngezimali. Ngoba traders, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi inkampani ingabonisa inzuzo esitatimendeni semali engenayo, kodwa ibe senkingeni uma ukungena kwayo kwemali kungalungile.

• Imisebenzi yokusebenza: Lesi sigaba sibonisa imali ekhiqizwe emisebenzini yebhizinisi eyinhloko yenkampani. Ibonisa ukuthi ingakanani imali ekhiqizwa emikhiqizweni noma kumasevisi enkampani.
• Imisebenzi yokutshala imali: Le ngxenye ibonisa ukheshi osetshenziselwe ukutshala izimpahla, kanye nenzuzo evela ekuthengisweni kwamanye amabhizinisi, okokusebenza, noma izimpahla zesikhathi eside.
• Imisebenzi Yezezimali: Lesi sigaba sethula ukheshi okhokhelwe waphinde watholwa emithonjeni yangaphandle, njengababolekisi, abatshalizimali, nabanikazi bamasheya.

Imethrikhi ebalulekile lapha yile Ukugeleza Kwemali Kakhulu (imali evela emisebenzini yokusebenza kukhishwe izindleko zempahla enkulu), ekhombisa ukuthi yimalini inkampani esele ukuze yandise ibhizinisi layo noma ibuyiselwe kubanikazi bamasheya ngemva kokuba isikhokhe izindleko zayo futhi yenze nokutshalwa kwezimali okudingekayo ebhizinisini layo.

Nakuba le nqubo ingase ibonakale inzima, ukuqonda lezi zitatimende ezintathu zezezimali kanye nezilinganiso ezibalulekile ezitholakala kuzo kuyikhono elibalulekile kunoma isiphi isimo. trader. Inikeza iwindi elibalulekile empilweni yezezimali yenkampani, enikeza amandla traders ukwenza izinqumo ezinolwazi nezinenzuzo.

2.1. Ukuhlaziywa Kwesilinganiso

Emkhakheni wokuhlaziywa kwezimali, ukusetshenziswa kwe Ukuhlaziywa Kwesilinganiso iyithuluzi elinamandla elinganikeza tradeUkubheka okujulile, okunokuqonda ekusebenzeni kwenkampani. Le nqubo ifana nengilazi yokukhulisa ekuvumela ukuthi ubhekisise izitatimende zezimali zenkampani, uhlehle izendlalelo ukuze uveze impilo eyisisekelo yebhizinisi.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwesilinganiso kuhilela ukuqhathaniswa kwezinto ezisezitatimendeni zezimali zenkampani. Lezi zilinganiso zingahlukaniswa ngobubanzi zibe izinhlobo ezinhlanu, ngayinye isebenzela injongo ethile:

• Izilinganiso Zamanzi: Lezi zilinganiso zikala ikhono lenkampani lokufeza izibopho zayo zesikhashana. Zihlanganisa i-Current Ratio kanye ne-Quick Ratio.
• Izilinganiso ze-Solvency: Izilinganiso zokukhokhelwa, njenge-Debt to Equity Ratio, zinikeza ukuqonda emandleni enkampani ukuhlangabezana nezibopho zayo zesikhathi eside.
• Ukusebenza Izilinganiso: Izilinganiso zokusebenza kahle njenge-Inventory Turnover Ratio kanye nosizo lwe-Receivable Turnover Ratio tradeiyaqonda ukuthi inkampani isebenzisa kahle kangakanani impahla yayo nokuphatha izikweletu zayo.
• Izilinganiso Zenzuzo: Lezi zilinganiso, ezihlanganisa i-Net Profit Margin kanye ne-Return on Equity, zingasiza traders ukukala inzuzo yenkampani.
• Izilinganiso Zemakethe Yethemba: Izilinganiso ze-Market Prospect njenge-Earnings Per Share (EPS) kanye ne-Price to Earnings Ratio (PE Ratio) zinikeza traders umuzwa wamathemba esikhathi esizayo enkampani.

Ukuqonda lezi zilinganiso kubalulekile, kodwa okubaluleke ngokufanayo yikhono lokuzihumusha ngendlela efanele. Isibonelo, i-Current Ratio ephezulu ingase ibonise ikhono eliqinile lenkampani lokuhlangabezana nezibopho zayo zesikhashana. Kodwa-ke, kungase futhi kuphakamise ukuthi inkampani ayisebenzisi kahle izimpahla zayo zamanje noma izinsiza zezimali zesikhashana.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ukuqhathanisa lezi zilinganiso ngezikhathi ezahlukene kanye nezinkampani ezisembonini efanayo. Lokhu kuhlaziya okuqhathanisayo kunganikeza isithombe esibanzi kakhulu sokusebenza kwenkampani.

Khumbula, I-Ratio Analysis iyithuluzi elilodwa nje ku- trader ibhokisi lamathuluzi. Kubalulekile ukulisebenzisa ngokuhambisana nezinye izindlela ukuze uthole isithombe esiphelele sempilo yezezimali yenkampani. Kubalulekile futhi ukuqonda imikhawulo Yokuhlaziywa Kwesilinganiso. Isibonelo, incike kakhulu olwazini olusezitatimende zezimali zenkampani, okungenzeka zingabonisi ngokunembile ngaso sonke isikhathi iqiniso lezomnotho lenkampani ngenxa yezinto ezifana nezinqubo zokubala nezinqubomgomo zokuphatha.

Ekugcineni, I-Ratio Analysis inganikeza imininingwane ebalulekile, kodwa kufanele isetshenziswe ngokuhlakanipha futhi ihambisane nezinye izindlela zokuhlaziya. Kuyithuluzi elinamandla, kodwa njenganoma yiliphi ithuluzi, ukusebenza kahle kwalo kuncike ekhonweni nolwazi lomuntu olisebenzisayo.

2.2. Ukuhlaziywa Kwethrendi

Ukungena ujule emhlabeni wokuhlaziya izitatimende zezezimali, umuntu akakwazi ukukushalazela ukubaluleka kokuhlaziywa kwethrendi. Ukuhlaziywa kwethrendi iyithuluzi elinamandla ukuthi trader isebenzise ukuhlola impilo yezezimali kanye nokukhula okungenzeka kwenkampani. Kuhilela ukuqhathanisa idatha yomlando phakathi nenkathi ethile ukuze uhlonze amaphethini angaguquki noma amathrendi.

Isibonelo, ake sicabangele imali engenayo yenkampani. Uma imali engenayo yenkampani ibilokhu ikhula njalo eminyakeni embalwa edlule, kuwuphawu oluhle olubonisa ukukhula kwenkampani. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuthambekela okunciphayo kungase kuphakamise ifulegi elibomvu.

Nokho, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi ukuhlaziywa kwethrendi akukhona nje ukuhlonza amaphethini. Kumayelana nokumba ujule ukuze uqonde izizathu ezidala lezi zindlela. Ukwenyuka okungazelelwe kwemali engenayo kungase kube ngenxa yomcimbi wesikhathi esisodwa, njengokuthengiswa kwengxenye yebhizinisi, futhi kungase kungabonisi ukukhula kwesikhathi esizayo.

Lapho wenza ukuhlaziya okuthrendayo, traders ivamise ukugxila kulezi zindawo ezibalulekile ezilandelayo:

• Ukukhula Kwemali Engenayo: Ukwenyuka okungaguquki kwemali engenayo ngokuvamile kuwuphawu oluhle. Nokho, kubalulekile ukuqonda umthombo walokhu kukhula. Ingabe kungenxa yokwanda kokuthengisa, noma kungenxa yomcimbi wesikhathi esisodwa?
• Amabhasi Wenzuzo: Ukwenyuka kwezilinganiso zenzuzo kubonisa ukuthi inkampani ilawula izindleko zayo ngempumelelo. Kuwuphawu lokusebenza kahle.
• Buyela ku-Equity (ROE): I-ROE isilinganiso senzuzo yenkampani. I-ROE ekhulayo iphakamisa ukuthi inkampani ikhiqiza inzuzo eyengeziwe ngedola ngalinye lokulingana.
• Amazinga Ezikweletu: Ukwenyuka kwamazinga ezikweletu kungaba wuphawu oluyisixwayiso. Kubalulekile ukuqhathanisa amazinga esikweletu senkampani nontanga bayo bemboni ukuze uthole isithombe esicacile.

Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi ukuhlaziywa kwethrendi kuyingxenye eyodwa nje yokuhlaziywa kwesitatimende sezimali. Nakuba inikeza imininingwane ebalulekile, kufanele isetshenziswe ngokuhambisana namanye amathuluzi namasu okuhlola okuphelele.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, nakuba ukuhlaziywa kwethrendi kungasiza ukubikezela ukusebenza kwesikhathi esizayo, akuyona indlela engenangqondo. Ukusebenza kwangaphambilini akuhlali kuyinkomba enembile yemiphumela yesikhathi esizayo. Ngakho-ke, traders kufanele bayisebenzise njengesiqondiso, hhayi isiqinisekiso. Kuhlala kubalulekile ukucabangela ezinye izici ezifana nezimo zemakethe, amathrendi embonini, nemicimbi eqondene nenkampani ethile.

2.3. Ukuhlaziya Ngokuqhathanisa

As traders, siyazi ukuthi izitatimende zezimali zenkampani ziwumgogodla wenqubo yethu yokuthatha izinqumo. Kodwa, ukubuka nje isitatimende esisodwa sezimali senkampani kufana nokuzama ukuqonda ifilimu ngokubuka isigcawu esisodwa. Ukuhlaziya okuqhathanisayo okunikeza isithombe esiphelele sempilo yezezimali yenkampani.

Qala ngokuqhathanisa izimali zenkampani esikhathini esithile. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi ukuhlaziya ovundlile. Ikunikeza isifinyezo sendlela inkampani esebenze ngayo eminyakeni edlule. Bheka amathrendi. Ingabe imali engenayo iyakhula? Ingabe izindleko ziyaphathwa? Ingabe izinga lesikweletu senkampani liyakhula noma liyehla? Le mininingwane ingakusiza ukuthi ubikezele ukusebenza kwesikhathi esizayo.

Okulandelayo, qhathanisa izimali zenkampani nezimbangi zayo. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi ukuhlaziya okuqondile. Kukusiza ukuthi uqonde ukuthi inkampani imi kuphi embonini yayo. Uma imajini yenzuzo yenkampani ingaphezulu kwezimbangi zayo, ingase ibonise abaphathi abasezingeni eliphezulu noma umkhiqizo oyingqayizivele. Uma iphansi, ingabonisa izinkinga.

Nazi izilinganiso ezintathu ezibalulekile okufanele uzibheke ngesikhathi sokuhlaziya kwakho okuqhathanisayo:

1. Imajini yenzuzo: Lokhu kukutshela ukuthi yimalini inzuzo eyenziwa yinkampani ngedola ngalinye lokuthengisa. Isilinganiso senzuzo esiphezulu ngokuvamile singcono.
2. Buyisela Izimpahla (ROA): Lokhu kulinganisa ukuthi inkampani isebenzisa kahle kangakanani impahla yayo ukuze yenze inzuzo. I-ROA ephakeme ibonisa inkampani esebenza kahle kakhulu.
3. Isikweletu ku-Equity Ratio: Lokhu kulinganisa amandla ezimali enkampani. Isilinganiso esiphezulu singabonisa ephakeme ingozi kokuzenzakalelayo.

3. Ukutolika Ukuhlaziya

Ukungena empilweni yezezimali yenkampani kufana nokuhlola ukusebenza okuyinkimbinkimbi komshini oyinkimbinkimbi. Kudinga iso elibukhali, ingqondo ebukhali, nokuqonda kahle i-jargon yezezimali. Uma usuqoqe idatha edingekayo ezitatimendeni zezezimali zenkampani, inselele yangempela iyaqala: ukuhumusha.

Okokuqala okumele sikuqaphele ukuthi izinombolo zizodwa aziyisho yonke indaba. Umongo uyisihluthulelo. Isibonelo, isilinganiso esiphezulu sezikweletu singase sibonakale sishaqisa ekuqaleni, kodwa uma leso sikweletu sisetshenziselwa ukuxhasa ukukhula emkhakheni okhulayo, kungase kungabi yinto embi kangako. Ngokufanayo, imajini yenzuzo ephansi ingase ibonakale idumaza, kodwa uma inkampani isembonini yokuncintisana kakhulu lapho amamajini ngokuvamile ephansi, kungenzeka ukuthi yenza kahle impela.

Ukwenza izinombolo zibe nengqondo, kubalulekile ukuziqhathanisa nazo amazinga embonini futhi idatha yomlando. Lokhu kuzokunikeza ibhentshimakhi yokuhlola ukusebenza kwenkampani.

• Amazinga Womkhakha: Ukuqhathanisa izilinganiso zezezimali zenkampani nalezo ezincintisana nazo kunganikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ekusebenzeni kwayo okuhlobene. Uma inzuzo yenkampani ekulinganeni iphezulu kakhulu kuneyeqhudelana nayo, ingabonisa abaphathi abasezingeni eliphezulu noma isikhangiso esiqhudelanayo esiyingqayizivele.vantage.
• Idatha Yomlando: Ukubheka izilinganiso zezezimali zenkampani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kungaveza amathrendi okungenzeka angabonakali ngokushesha kudatha yonyaka owodwa. Isibonelo, isilinganiso esikhula kancane sesikweletu-kuya-equity singaphakamisa ukuthi inkampani iya ngokuya ithembele emalini ebolekiwe, okungenzeka kube ifulegi elibomvu.

Futhi, khumbula ukucabangela imvelo ye-macroeconomic. Ukusebenza kwezimali kwenkampani akukho esithubeni. Kuthintwa izinto ezifana nezilinganiso zenzalo, ukwehla kwamandla emali aqondene, kanye nokukhula komnotho. Isibonelo, inkampani enezinga eliphezulu lesikweletu ingase ibe nzima endaweni yezinga lenzalo ekhuphukayo.

Kodwa, ungakhohlwa ukucabangela okwenkampani isu kanye nemodeli yebhizinisi. Inkampani enenzuzo ephansi kodwa intengo ephezulu yokuthengisa ingase iphishekele isu lobuholi bezindleko, kuyilapho inkampani enenzuzo ephezulu kodwa ivolumu yokuthengisa ephansi ingase iphishekele isu lokuhlukanisa. Ukuqonda isu lenkampani kungakusiza wenze umqondo ngezilinganiso zayo zezimali.

Ukutolika ukuhlaziywa kwezezimali kuwubuciko obuningi njengoba kuyisayensi. Kudinga ukuqonda okujulile kwebhizinisi, imboni, kanye nesimo somnotho esibanzi. Kodwa ngokuzijwayeza nangendlela efanele, inganikeza imininingwane ebalulekile mayelana nempilo yezezimali yenkampani kanye namathemba esikhathi esizayo.

3.1. Ukuqonda Imithelela Yezilinganiso

Ukutshuza kuqala emhlabeni wezilinganiso zezezimali kungaba umsebenzi onzima kunoma yimuphi trader, nokho kuyingxenye ebalulekile yokuqonda impilo yezezimali yenkampani. Izilinganiso yizona trader's secret weapon, ithuluzi lezibalo elinqamula izitatimende zezezimali eziyinkimbinkimbi ukuze liveze amanqamuzana anokuqonda olwazi.

Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi izilinganiso ziwuhlobo lwe-financial shorthand. Zihlanganisa ingcebo yolwazi ibe isibalo esisodwa, esigayeka kalula. Isilinganiso, empeleni, siwukuqhathaniswa kwamaphoyinti edatha yezezimali amabili noma ngaphezulu. Kuyindlela yokuhlobanisa ucezu olulodwa lwedatha yezezimali nolunye ukuze unikeze isithombe esibanzi sesimo sezimali senkampani.

Ngokwesibonelo, cabanga nge- isilinganiso samanje. Lesi silinganiso siqhathanisa izimpahla zamanje zenkampani (imali, i-inventory, ama-akhawunti atholwayo) nezikweletu zayo zamanje (izikweletu zesikhathi esifushane nezikhokhwayo). Isilinganiso esiphezulu samanje singabonisa ukuthi inkampani inezinsiza zokubhekana nezibopho zayo zesikhashana. Kodwa-ke, isilinganiso esiphezulu kakhulu singase futhi siphakamise ukuthi inkampani ayizisebenzisi kahle izimpahla zayo.

Ake sihlole esinye isilinganiso esibalulekile - the isilinganiso sesikweletu-kuya-equity. Ikala ingxenye yoxhaso lwezimali lwenkampani oluvela esikweletini uma luqhathaniswa nokulingana. Isilinganiso esiphezulu sesikweletu-kuya-equity singabonisa ubungozi obukhulu, njengoba kusho ukuthi inkampani inenani elikhulu lesikweletu. Kodwa futhi, umongo ubalulekile. Ezinye izimboni, njengezinsiza noma ezokuxhumana, ngokuvamile zinamazinga esikweletu aphezulu ngenxa yemvelo yazo edinga imali enkulu.

Isilinganiso senzuzo singesinye isilinganiso traders ivame ukuhlolisisa. Ibonisa ukuthi inkampani yenza inzuzo engakanani ngedola ngalinye lokuthengisa. Umkhawulo wenzuzo ephezulu ukhombisa inkampani enenzuzo enkulu enokulawula okungcono ezindlekweni zayo uma iqhathaniswa nezimbangi zayo.

Bese kuba nembuyiselo ku-equity (ROE). Lesi silinganiso sikala ukuthi abaphathi basebenzisa ngempumelelo kangakanani impahla yenkampani ukuze benze inzuzo. I-ROE ephakeme isho ukuthi inkampani iphumelela kakhulu ekukhiqizeni inzuzo. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi izilinganiso ziyingxenye eyodwa nje yendida. Kudingeka zisetshenziswe ngokuhambisana namanye amathuluzi okuhlaziya ezezimali ukuze kwakhiwe isithombe esiphelele sempilo yezezimali yenkampani. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izilinganiso kufanele ziqhathaniswe kuzo zonke izinkampani ezisembonini efanayo, njengoba izinkambiso zingahluka kakhulu.

Khumbula, njenge-a trader, inhloso yakho ukwenza izinqumo ezinolwazi. Ukuqonda okushiwo izilinganiso kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile ekufezeni leyo njongo. Ngakho-ke, phakamisa imikhono yakho futhi ungene emhlabeni othakazelisayo wezilinganiso zezezimali. Imivuzo iwufanele umzamo.

3.2. Ukufunda Phakathi Kwemigqa

Emhlabeni othakazelisayo wokuhlaziywa kwezimali, akukhona nje ngezinombolo. Kumayelana nokuthi lezo zinombolo Kusho. Ikhono lokuhumusha nokuqonda indaba eyisisekelo ngemuva kwezibalo kuyikhono elibalulekile kunoma iyiphi i-savvy trader.

Ake singene sijule endabeni yezitatimende zezezimali, lapho yonke into ikhuluma kakhulu ngempilo yezimali yenkampani. Kucabange njengendaba yomseshi, lapho uhlanganisa khona imikhondo ukuze uthole isithombe esiphelele.

Okokuqala, the izitatimende zemali engenayot. Lo mbhalo ukutshela ukuthi yimalini engenayo inkampani eyenzile esikhathini esithile nokuthi engakanani leyo eguqulelwe ekubeni yimali engenayo. Kodwa ungagxili nje emgqeni oyinhloko. Bheka imajini eyisamba, imajini yokusebenza, ne-net margin. Lezi zilinganiso zingaveza ukusebenza kahle kwenkampani ekuphatheni izindleko zayo.

Okulandelayo, i ishidi lokulinganisa. Lesi sitatimende sinikeza isifinyezo sezimpahla zenkampani, izikweletu, nokulingana kwabanikazi bamasheya ngesikhathi esithile. Kubalulekile ukuhlola isilinganiso sesikweletu-kuya-equity, esingabonisa ukuthi ingakanani ingozi inkampani eyithathayo.

Khona-ke, kukhona isitatimende sokugeleza kwemali. Lo mbhalo ukhombisa imali engena futhi ephuma enkampanini. Kubalulekile ukuhlola ukugeleza kwemali okuvela ekusebenzeni, okubonisa ukuthi imisebenzi yebhizinisi eyinhloko inenzuzo yini.

• Ingabe inkampani ikhiqiza ukuhamba kwemali okuhle emisebenzini yayo?
• Ngabe ukuhamba kwemali kwenkampani kuqhathaniswa kanjani nemali engenayo yonke?
• Ingabe inkampani itshala imali ekukhuleni kwayo kwesikhathi esizayo?

Nokho, akwanele nje ukubheka izinombolo zodwa. Udinga ukuziqhathanisa nezikhathi ezedlule kanye nezinye izinkampani ezisembonini efanayo. Lokhu kuzokunikeza ukuqonda kangcono ukusebenza kwenkampani kanye nesimo sayo sokuncintisana.

Ukwengeza, qaphela imibhalo yaphansi. Banganikeza imininingwane ebalulekile ezindleleni zokubala zenkampani, izikweletu ezingaba khona, neminye imininingwane ebalulekile engase ingabonakali ezinombolo zodwa.

Khumbula, ukuhlaziya imali kuwubuciko njengoba kuyisayensi. Kudinga iso elibukhali, ingqondo ebucayi, nokuqonda okujulile kokusebenza kwebhizinisi. Njenge trader, ikhono lakho lokufunda phakathi kwemigqa lingaba ukhiye wokubona amathuba anenzuzo enkulu futhi ugweme izingibe ezingaba khona.

4. Ukusetshenziswa Okungokoqobo Kokuhlaziywa Kwesitatimende Sezimali

Emhlabeni wokuhweba, ukuqonda impilo yezezimali yenkampani kubaluleke kakhulu. Ukuhlaziywa kwezitatimende zezimali kunikeza imininingwane ebalulekile mayelana nenzuzo yenkampani, ukuthengwa kwezimali, kanye nokuzinza kwezimali kukonke. Lokhu kuhlaziya akukhona nje ngezinombolo ezigoqayo; kumayelana nokutolika lezi zinombolo ukuze wenze izinqumo zokuhweba ezinolwazi.

Okokuqala, isitatimende semali engenayo siyithuluzi elibalulekile lokuhlola inzuzo yenkampani. Inikeza incazelo enemininingwane yemali engenayo, izindleko, nezindleko zenkampani. Traders kufanele inake kakhulu imali engenayo yenkampani, njengoba ibonisa amandla enkampani okwenza inzuzo. Imali engenayo ekhuphuka njalo iwuphawu oluhle, olubonisa amandla okukhula kwenkampani.

Okwesibili, ishidi lebhalansi linikeza isifinyezo sempahla yenkampani, izikweletu, nokulingana kwabanikazi bamasheya endaweni ethile ngesikhathi. Impahla ihlanganisa yonke into inkampani enayo, kusukela kukheshi nohlu lwamagama kuya empahleni namathuluzi. Izikweletu, ngakolunye uhlangothi, zimelela lokho inkampani ekukweletayo, njengemali mboleko nama-akhawunti akhokhwayo. Umehluko phakathi kwezimpahla nezikweletu usinikeza ukulingana kwabanikazi bamasheya, okubonisa inani lengqikithi yenkampani.

Ishidi lebhalansi enempilo kufanele libonise ukunyuka okuqhubekayo kwezimpahla kanye nokuncipha kwezikweletu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Uma izikweletu zeqa izimpahla, kuwuphawu olubomvu, okubonisa inkinga yezezimali engaba khona.

Okwesithathu, isitatimende sokugeleza kwemali singolunye umqulu obalulekile traders. Ibonisa indlela inkampani ephatha ngayo imali yayo, ihlukaniswe yaba izigaba ezintathu: imisebenzi yokusebenza, imisebenzi yokutshala izimali, nemisebenzi yokuxhasa ngezimali. Ukugeleza kwemali okuhle okuvela emisebenzini yokusebenza kuwuphawu oluhle, okuphakamisa ukuthi inkampani yenza imali eyanele ukumboza izindleko zayo zokusebenza.

Okokugcina, isitatimende sokulingana kwabanikazi bamasheya sibonisa izinguquko ekulinganeni esikhathini esithile. Kuhlanganisa ukukhishwa kwesitoko esisha, izabelo ezikhokhwayo, kanye nemali engenayo noma ukulahlekelwa okuphelele kwenkampani. Ukwenyuka okuqhubekayo kokulingana kwabanikazi bamasheya kubonisa inkampani enempilo enhle ngokwezezimali.

I-4.1. Kanjani Traders Ingasebenzisa Ukuhlaziya Isitatimende Sezimali

Ukuhlaziywa kwesitatimende sezezimali kuyithuluzi elinamandla ezandleni ze traders. Inikeza imininingwane ebalulekile empilweni yezezimali yenkampani, evumelayo traders ukwenza izinqumo ezinolwazi. Ukuqonda izingxenye ezibalulekile zesitatimende sezimali nendlela yokuzichaza ibalulekile.

• Ishidi Lokulinganisa: Lesi sitatimende sinikeza isifinyezo sezimpahla zenkampani, izikweletu, nokulingana kwabanikazi bamasheya ngesikhathi esithile. Traders angasebenzisa lokhu ukuhlola umnotho wenkampani, amandla, kanye nesakhiwo semali.
• Isitatimende Semali Engenayo: Lesi sitatimende sifingqa imali engenayo, izindleko, nezindleko zenkampani esikhathini esithile. Traders angasebenzisa lokhu ukuhlola inzuzo yenkampani, ukusebenza kahle, kanye nezitayela zokukhula kwemali engenayo.
• Isitatimende Sokugeleza Kwemali: Lesi sitatimende sibonisa ukuthi izinguquko kuma-akhawunti e-balance sheet kanye nemali engenayo ziyithinta kanjani imali nokulingana nokheshi. Ihlukanisa ukuhlaziya kuze kube yimisebenzi yokusebenza, yokutshala imali, kanye neyokuxhasa ngezimali. Traders angasebenzisa lokhu ukuze aqonde ukungena kwemali yenkampani kusukela ekusebenzeni kwayo okuyisisekelo.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwesilinganiso kungenye indlela esebenzayo yokuhlaziya isitatimende sezimali. Kuhilela ukuqhathanisa izinombolo ezihlukene ze-balance sheet, isitatimende semali engenayo, nesitatimende sokugeleza kwemali ukuze kutholakale amaphethini, izitayela, nokudidayo. Ezinye zezilinganiso ezivame kakhulu ezisetshenziswa yi traders ihlanganisa isilinganiso senani ukuya ku-Earnings (P/E), isilinganiso se-Debt-to-Equity (D/E), kanye nesilinganiso samanje.

Isibonelo, i Isilinganiso se-P/E Kusiza traders ihlola ukuthi ingabe intengo yesitoko yenkampani ibaluleke kakhulu noma ayilinganiswanga kangako. Isilinganiso esiphezulu se-P/E singaphakamisa ukuthi isitoko sinenani eliningi, noma singabonisa ukuthi abatshalizimali balindele ukukhula okuphezulu esikhathini esizayo.

The Isilinganiso se-D/E isilinganiso senzuzo yezezimali yenkampani, esinikeza imininingwane ngezinga lengozi elihlobene nezinga lesikweletu senkampani. Isilinganiso esiphezulu se-D/E singase sibonise ubungozi obuphezulu bokuzenzakalelayo noma ukuqothuka.

Okokugcina, i Isilinganiso samanje isilinganiso semali engenayo esikala ikhono lenkampani lokukhokha izibopho zesikhathi esifushane nezesikhathi eside. Isilinganiso esiphezulu samanje sibonisa ukuthi inkampani ikwazi ukukhokha izibopho zayo.

Sengiphetha, ukuhlaziya izitatimende zezezimali kuyikhono eliyisisekelo traders. Ibanikeza ukuqonda okujulile kwempilo yezezimali yenkampani, ibasize benze izinqumo ezingcono zokuhweba. Traders abachwepheshile ekuhlaziyeni izitatimende zezezimali kungenzeka babe nomkhawulo obalulekile emakethe.

4.2. I-Case Scenarios ekuhwebeni

Uma kuziwa ekuhwebeni, akukhona nje ngezinombolo namashadi; kumayelana nezindaba. Izindaba ezivezwa kumakhasi ebhalansi, izitatimende zemali engenayo, namashadi okugeleza kwemali, eziveza impilo, ukusebenza, namandla enkampani. Ake singene ezimweni ezimbalwa ukuze siqonde ukuthi ukuhlaziya izitatimende zezimali zenkampani kungathinta kanjani izinqumo zokuhweba.

Cabanga ukuthi ucabanga ukutshala imali eNkampanini A. Uqala ngokuhlola yayo ishidi lokulinganisa. Uqaphela ukukhuphuka okuphawulekayo kwempahla yayo yamanje, ikakhulukazi emalini yayo kanye nezinto ezilingana nemali. Lokhu kungase kubonise ukuthi inkampani iphilile ngokwezimali futhi inemali eyanele yokukhokhela izikweletu zayo zesikhashana. Nokho, ukubhekisisa isigaba sezikweletu kukhombisa ukukhuphuka okukhulu kwesikweletu sesikhathi esifushane. Lokhu kungaba ifulegi elibomvu elibonisa ukucindezeleka kwezezimali noma ukuphathwa kwezimali okuyingozi.

Okulandelayo, uthuthela ku- isitatimende senzuzo. Lapha, uyaqaphela ukuthi imali engenayo yeNkampani A ibilokhu ikhula ngokuqhubekayo, kodwa inzuzo yayo yonke iye yehla. Lokhu kungase kube ngenxa yokwenyuka kwezindleko noma ukwehla kwesilinganiso, okungase kuthinte inzuzo yenkampani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Okokugcina, uhlaziya i- isitatimende sokugeleza kwemali. Ngaphandle kokuncipha kwemali engenayo, ubona ukungena kwemali okuhle okuvela emisebenzini yokusebenza. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi inkampani ikhiqiza ukheshi ngempumelelo ngokusebenza kwayo okuyisisekelo kwebhizinisi.

• Icala 1: Inkampani A ingaba utshalomali oluhle uma ikwazi ukuphatha isikweletu sayo sesikhathi esifushane futhi ilawule izindleko zayo. Ukugeleza kwemali okuqinile kuwuphawu oluthembisayo.
• Icala lesi-2: Uma inkampani yehluleka ukuphatha isikweletu nezindleko zayo, kungase kuholele ekucindezelekeni kwezezimali, kuyenze ibe utshalomali oluyingozi.

Kwesinye isimo, ubheka i-Company B. Ishidi layo lebhalansi libonisa ukwehla kwempahla yamanje kanye nokwenyuka kwezikweletu zesikhathi eside, okubonisa izinkinga ezingase zibe khona ze-liquidity. Kodwa-ke, isitatimende sayo semali engenayo sibonisa ukukhula okungaguquguquki kwenzuzo yonke, futhi isitatimende saso sokugeleza kwemali sibonisa ukugeleza kwemali okuhle okuvela emisebenzini yokutshala imali ngenxa yokuthengiswa kweyunithi yebhizinisi.

• Icala lesi-3: Inkampani B ingaba utshalomali oluyingozi ngenxa yezinkinga zayo zemali. Kodwa-ke, uma ingasebenzisa ukheshi eyunithi yebhizinisi elithengisiwe ukuphatha izikweletu zayo, ingajika.
• Icala lesi-4: Uma inkampani yehluleka ukuphatha izikweletu zayo, ingase ibhekane nenkinga yezimali, iyenze ibe utshalomali oluyingozi naphezu kwemali engenayo eyinsalela.

Lezi zimo zibonisa ukuthi ukuhlaziya izitatimende zezimali zenkampani kungahlinzeka kanjani traders nokuqonda okubalulekile, okubasiza ukuthi benze izinqumo zokuhweba benolwazi. Khumbula, udeveli usemininingwaneni, futhi le mininingwane ingatholakala kaningi ezitatimendeni zezimali.