1. Ukuqonda Ukuhlukahluka
1.1. Incazelo Yokuhlukahluka
Emhlabeni wokuhweba, igama ukuhlukahluka livame ukujikijelwa ngapha nangapha njengezambane elishisayo. Kodwa lisho ukuthini ngempela? Emqondweni wakho, ukuhlukahluka yi-a ingozi isu lokuphatha elixuba inhlobonhlobo yokutshalwa kwezimali ngaphakathi kwephothifoliyo. Isizathu salokhu kuziphatha sigomela ngokuthi iphothifoliyo eyakhiwe ngezinhlobo ezihlukene zokutshalwa kwezimali, ngokwesilinganiso, izoletha imbuyiselo ephezulu futhi ibe nengcuphe ephansi kunanoma yikuphi ukutshalwa kwezimali komuntu ngamunye okutholakala ngaphakathi kwephothifoliyo.
Ukuhlukahluka, empeleni, kulingana ngokwezimali ukungawabeki wonke amaqanda akho kubhasikidi owodwa. Isabalalisa ubungozi bokulahlekelwa ngokutshala izimali ezimpahleni ezahlukene. Uma utshalomali olulodwa lungasebenzi kahle esikhathini esithile, okunye ukutshalwa kwezimali kungase kusebenze kangcono ngaleso sikhathi, kunciphise ukulahlekelwa okungenzeka.
diversification akukhona nje ukuba nokutshalwa kwezimali okuhlukile, kodwa futhi mayelana nokuhlobana phakathi kwalezo zimali ezitshaliwe. Kumayelana nezinga ukusebenza kwe-investimenti eyodwa okuzimele ngalo kokunye. Ngamanye amazwi, ufuna ukuba nezimali ezitshaliwe okungenzeka zihambe ziye ohlangothini olufanayo ngesikhathi esifanayo. Lokhu kungafezwa ngokutshala izimali ezimpahleni ezinokuhlobana okuphansi noma okungekuhle.
Isibonelo, uma utshala imali kukho kokubili ingcebo kanye Amasheya, ukwehla kwezimakethe zamasheya kungase kuncishiswe amanani azinzile noma akhuphukayo. Lawa amandla okushintshashintsha - kungasiza ekulungiseni izihibe ohambweni lwakho lokutshala imali, kunikeze okuhlangenwe nakho okuzinzile nokungaphansi kwengcindezi.
Nokho, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukuhlukahluka akuqinisekisi ngokumelene nokulahlekelwa. Kuyindlela esetshenziswa ukuphatha ubungozi kanye nokwenza ngcono imbuyiselo. Isihluthulelo sokuphumelela kwezinhlobonhlobo akukhona nje ukuqoqa inqwaba yokutshalwa kwezimali okuhlukene, kodwa ukuthola ukutshalwa kwezimali okuzokuzuzisa ngezindlela ezahlukene ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukene zemakethe.
1.2. Ukubaluleka Kokuhlukahluka
diversification ilwela ukulungisa izehlakalo zengcuphe ezingahlelekile kuphothifoliyo, ngakho ukusebenza kahle kokunye ukutshalwa kwezimali kwenza ukusebenza okubi kwabanye kungabi namandla. Izinzuzo zokuhlukahluka zibamba kuphela uma izibambiso kuphothifoliyo zingahlotshaniswa ngokuphelele.
Ukutshalwa kwezimali kuphothifoliyo ehlukahlukene kusatshalaliswa kuzo zonke izigaba zempahla (ezifana namasheya, amabhondi, impahla, kanye nezindawo ezithengiswayo) kanye nemikhakha (njengobuchwepheshe, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, noma ezokukhiqiza). Lokhu kuhlukahluka kungasiza ekulawuleni ubungozi futhi kunciphise amathuba okulahlekelwa okukhulu uma ukutshalwa kwezimali okukodwa kungasebenzi kahle.
Kodwa ukusebenza kwezinhlobonhlobo kusebenza kanjani? Konke kumayelana nokuhlobana. Ukuhlobana isilinganiso sezibalo sokuthi izibambiso ezimbili zihamba kanjani ngokuhlobene. Lapho izitoko ezimbili zinokuhambisana okuphezulu, zihamba ngendlela efanayo ndawonye. Lapho banokuhlangana okuphansi, bahamba ngokuzimela komunye nomunye. Ngokutshala imali ezitokweni ezinokuhlobana okuphansi kwesinye, ungasiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uma isitoko esisodwa siwa, ngeke sehlise iphothifoliyo yakho yonke.
diversification akukhona nje ukuba nengxube yezimpahla ezahlukene; iphinde imayelana nokulinganisela. Uma utshala imali eningi kakhulu emkhakheni owodwa, iphothifoliyo yakho ingaba sengozini uma lowo mkhakha uthola impumelelo. Ngokufanayo, uma utshala imali eningi ohlotsheni olulodwa lwempahla (njengamasheya), ungase ubhekane nokulahlekelwa okukhulu uma imakethe yehla.
2. Ukusebenzisa Izinhlobonhlobo
2.1. Amasu Okwehlukahlukana
diversification kufana ne-Swiss Army Knife of investment amasu. Kuyithuluzi elinezici eziningi elingakusiza ukuthi uzulazule emhlabeni ongalindelekile wokuhweba. Kepha umuntu uhlukanisa kanjani ngempumelelo iphothifoliyo yabo? Asihlephule.
Okokuqala, ukwabiwa kwempahla ukhiye. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukusabalalisa ukutshalwa kwezimali kwakho kuzo zonke izigaba zempahla ezihlukene njengezitoko, amabhondi, nemali. Izilinganiso zizoncika ekubekezeleleni kwakho ubungozi kanye nezinjongo zokutshala imali. Isibonelo, umtshali-zimali ongafuni ubungozi angase akhethe amaphesenti aphezulu amabhondi, ngokuvamile abhekwa njengephephile kunamasheya.
Okulandelayo, ngaphakathi kwesigaba ngasinye sempahla, ungaqhubeka uhlukanise ngokutshala imali emikhakheni ehlukene, izimboni, noma amazwe. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi ukuhlukahluka kwempahla. Isibonelo, ngaphakathi kwesabelo sesitoko sakho, ungase ube namasheya ezinkampanini zobuchwepheshe, abahlinzeki bezempilo, namafemu anamandla. Ngale ndlela, ukwehla emkhakheni owodwa ngeke kuthinte iphothifoliyo yakho yonke.
Elinye isu lokuhlukahluka li ukuhlukahluka kwesikhathi. Lokhu kubandakanya ukutshala imali ngokungaguquki ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kunokuzama ukubeka isikhathi imakethe. Ngokwenza kanjalo, ungathatha isikhangisovantage ye-dollar-cost average, enganciphisa umthelela we Ukukhishwa kwemakethe kuphothifoliyo yakho.
Okokugcina, cabanga okunye ukutshalwa kwemali njengezindlu ezithengiswayo, izimpahla, noma ngisho nemali eyimfihlo. Lokhu kunganikeza uthango ngokumelene nokwehla kwezimakethe ezivamile, kwengeze esinye isendlalelo sokuvikela kuphothifoliyo yakho.
2.2. Indlela Yokukhetha Ingxube Elungile Yokutshalwa Kwezimali
Ukuqonda ukubekezelela kwakho ubungozi kuyisinyathelo sokuqala ekukhetheni inhlanganisela efanele yokutshalwa kwezimali. Lesi isici somuntu siqu esibonisa ikhono lakho lokumelana nokulahlekelwa okungase kube khona. Abatshalizimali abanokubekezela okuphezulu bangase bancike ekutshalweni kwezimali okuguquguqukayo, njengamasheya, kuyilapho labo abanokubekezelelana okuphansi bangase bakhethe izinketho eziphephile, njengamabhondi noma izimali zemakethe yemali.
Ukwabiwa kwempahla kungesinye isici esibalulekile. Lokhu kuhilela ukuhlukanisa utshalomali lwakho phakathi kwezigaba zempahla ezihlukene, njengamasheya, imali engenayo engashintshi, nokulingana nemali. Ikilasi ngalinye linezinga elihlukile lengcuphe nembuyiselo, ngakho ukuhlukanisa iphothifoliyo yakho kuwo wonke kungakusiza ukuzuza ibhalansi evumayo.
Cabangela isimo sakho sokutshala imali kanjalo. Uma usemncane futhi ulondolozela umhlalaphansi, ungase ukwazi ukuthatha ubungozi obuthe xaxa ukuze uthole izinzuzo eziphezulu. Kodwa-ke, uma ususondele ekuthatheni umhlalaphansi, ungase ufune ukushintshela ekutshalweni kwezimali okunenkani.
Bheka izimo zemakethe. Imakethe yezezimali inamandla futhi ishintsha njalo. Ukuhlala unolwazi mayelana nezitayela zemakethe nezinkomba zezomnotho kungakusiza wenze izinguquko ngesikhathi kuphothifoliyo yakho.
Linganisa kabusha iphothifoliyo yakho ngezikhathi ezithile. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, okunye ukutshalwa kwezimali kungenza kahle kuyilapho abanye besala. Ukulinganisa kabusha kuhilela ukulungisa kabusha iphothifoliyo yakho ubuyele esabelweni sakho sempahla sokuqala ukuze ugcine izinga lobungozi obulifunayo.
Xhumana nochwepheshe. Uma ungaqiniseki ngokuthi ungahlukanisa kanjani iphothifoliyo yakho, cabanga ngokufuna iseluleko kumeluleki wezezimali. Banganikeza isiqondiso somuntu siqu ngokusekelwe ezinhlosweni zakho zezezimali nokubekezelela ubungozi.
2.3. Ukubuyekezwa Okuvamile kanye Nokulinganisa Kabusha Kwephothifoliyo
Njenge trader, kungenzeka ukuthi uke wayizwa inkulumo ethi, “Thenga ubambe“. Nakuba leli su lingasebenza kwabanye, alisona isixazululo esilingana konke. Imakethe yezezimali iyinhlangano eguquguqukayo, eguquguqukayo njalo futhi eguqukayo ngokuphendula izici eziningi. Ngakho-ke, iphothifoliyo eyake yalinganisela futhi yahluka kakhulu ingase ishintshe ngokushesha uma iyekwa ingabhekwanga.
Ngokuvamile Izibuyekezo yephothifoliyo yakho ibalulekile ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi utshalomali lwakho lusahambisana nemigomo yakho yezezimali. Ukushintshashintsha kwezimakethe kungabangela inani lemali oyitshalile ukuthi lishintshe, okungaba nomthelela kuyo yonke ibhalansi yephothifoliyo yakho. Isibonelo, uma isitoko sakho esisodwa senza kahle kakhulu, singakhula simele ingxenye enkulu yephothifoliyo yakho. Nakuba lokhu kungase kubonakale kuyinkinga enhle ukuba nayo, empeleni kungakubeka engozini enkulu kunalokho obuhlosile ekuqaleni.
Ukuxoxa kabusha wuhlelo lokuqondisa kabusha izisindo zephothifoliyo yakho. Lokhu kuhilela ukuthenga noma ukuthengisa izimpahla ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze ulondoloze izinga olifisayo lokwabiwa kwempahla. Isibonelo, uma umgomo wakho uwukuba nokuhlukaniswa okungu-50/50 phakathi kwamasheya namabhondi, kodwa ukusebenza kwesitoko okuqinile kuholele ekuhlukaniseni okungu-70/30, uzodinga ukuthengisa amasheya athile futhi uthenge amabhondi ukuze ulinganisele kabusha iphothifoliyo yakho.
Ukuze ulinganisele, ungase udinge ukuthengisa izimpahla ezisebenza kahle kakhulu, okungase kube inselele ngokomzwelo. Kodwa-ke, khumbula ukuthi ukulinganisa kabusha akukhona ukujaha imbuyiselo, kodwa kumayelana nokunamathela esu elinqunywe kusengaphambili lokutshala izimali. Kuyindlela enesiyalo engasiza ekunciphiseni ubungozi futhi ithuthukise imbuyiselo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Nawa amathiphu ambalwa okulinganisa kabusha kwephothifoliyo okusebenzayo:
- Setha ishejuli yokubuyekeza evamile: Lokhu kungaba njalo ngekota, ingxenye yonyaka, noma ngonyaka. Okubalulekile wukuba nesimiso esingaguquki futhi unamathele kuso.
- Ungazami ukubeka isikhathi imakethe: Ukulinganisa kabusha akukhona ukwenza izibikezelo mayelana nokunyakaza kwemakethe. Kumayelana nokunamathela ohlelweni lwakho lokutshala imali.
- Cabangela imiphumela yentela: Qaphela ukuthi ukuthengisa izimpahla kungadala intela yenzuzo enkulu. Kungumqondo omuhle ukubonisana nomeluleki wezentela ngaphambi kokwenza omkhulu trades.
3. Imibono Eyiphutha Evamile mayelana Nokwehlukahlukana
3.1. Izinzuzo Zokuhlukahluka Kweziqinisekiso
Ukuhlukahluka akuqinisekisi inzuzo, kodwa kuyawadalela amathuba. Cabanga ukuthi utshale imali ezitokweni zobuchwepheshe kuphela. Uma umkhakha wezobuchwepheshe uphumelela, yonke iphothifoliyo yakho iyahlupheka. Kodwa uma futhi utshale imali ekunakekelweni kwezempilo, izinsiza, nasezimpahleni zabathengi, ukwehla endaweni eyodwa kungase kususwe ukuzinza noma ukukhula kwabanye.
Isihluthulelo sokuhlukahluka okusebenzayo yi ibhalansi. Akukhona mayelana nokusabalalisa izimali zakho ngokungaboni, kodwa mayelana nokukhetha ngokucophelela ingxube ehambisana nokubekezelela kwakho ubungozi kanye nemigomo yezezimali. Lokhu kungase kusho inhlanganisela yamasheya, amabhondi, nempahla. Noma kungase kusho ingxube ye-cap enkulu, i-mid-cap, ne-stock-cap encane.
Ukuhlukahluka kuhlanganisa njalo ukuphindaphinda. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, okunye ukutshalwa kwezimali kuzokhula ngokushesha kunezinye, okungase kuphazamise ibhalansi yephothifoliyo yakho. Ngokuthengisa ngezikhathi ezithile izimpahla ezisebenza kahle kakhulu futhi uthenge ezinye ezingasebenzi kahle, ungagcina isabelo sakho sempahla osifisayo.
Ngakho-ke nakuba ukuhlukahluka kunganikezi indlela eqinisekile yokuzuza inzuzo, kunikeza a isivikelo ngokumelene nokuguquguquka. Futhi emhlabeni ongalindelekile wokuhweba, lokho kuyinzuzo okunzima ukuyisho.
3.2. Ukuhlukahluka kakhulu
Emhlabeni wokuhweba, kuvame ukusho lokho ukuhlukahluka kuwukuphela kwesidlo sasemini samahhala. Kuyisu elikuvumela ukuthi usabalalise utshalomali lwakho kumathuluzi ahlukahlukene ezezimali, izimboni, nezinye izigaba ukuze unciphise ubungozi. Kodwa njengazo zonke izinto ezinhle, okuningi kungaholela emiphumeleni engathandeki. Yilokhu esikubiza ngakho ukuhlukahluka kakhulu.
Ukwehlukahlukana ngokwedlulele kwenzeka uma unemali etshaliwe kangangoba kube nzima ukukulandelela konke. Kufana nokuzama ukujuxuza amabhola amaningi ngesikhathi esisodwa - maduze noma kamuva, uzowawisa elilodwa. Okubaluleke nakakhulu, ukuhlukahluka kakhulu kunganciphisa izinzuzo zakho ezingaba khona. Esikhundleni sokuba nezitoko ezimbalwa ezisebenza kahle ezikhuphula inani lephothifoliyo yakho, umthelela walaba 'bawinile' wehliswa inqwaba yabadlali abasezingeni eliphansi.
Wazi kanjani uma uhlanganisa ngokweqile? Uphawu olucacile ukuthi uma ungakhumbuli ukuthi yini yonke imali oyitshalile, noma kungani ukwenze kwasekuqaleni. Elinye ifulegi elibomvu elokuthi uma ungaluboni uhlobo lwembuyiselo ongayilindela uma kubhekwa izinga lengozi oyithathayo.
Ukuze ugweme ukuhlukahluka kakhulu, kubalulekile ukwenza gcina ibhalansi. Yebo, kufanele usabalalise utshalomali lwakho ukuze unciphise ubungozi, kodwa hhayi kakhulu kangangokuthi ulahlekelwa amandla okuthola imbuyiselo enengqondo. Njengomthetho wesithupha, abanye ochwepheshe basikisela ukuthi ukubamba amasheya ahlukene angama-20 kuye kwangama-30 kunganikeza ukuhlukahluka okwanele.
Khumbula, inhloso yokuhlukahluka akukhona ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza, kodwa ukwenza ukunciphisa ingozi. Ngokusabalalisa utshalomali lwakho ezindaweni ezahlukene, mancane amathuba okuthi ulahlekelwe kakhulu uma elinye lawo lingamathangi. Kodwa zisakaze zibe mncane kakhulu, futhi ungahle uzibekele ubuncane. Ngakho-ke, bheka iphothifoliyo yakho, futhi ungesabi ukuyithena uma ucabanga ukuthi ubambe izitoko eziningi kakhulu. Phela, ngezinye izikhathi okuncane kuba ngaphezulu.
3.3. Ukuhlukahluka Okwamaphothifoliyo Amakhulu Kuphela
Umbono oyiphutha ovamile ukuthi ukuhlukahluka kuwukunethezeka kumaphothifoliyo amakhulu kuphela iyinganekwane edinga ukuphikiswa. Kulula ukuwela ogibeni lokucabanga ukuthi udinga imali eningi ukuze usabalalise ukutshalwa kwezimali kwakho emikhakheni eyahlukene, izigaba zempahla, noma izindawo zezwe. Kodwa-ke, iqiniso liwukuthi, ukuhlukahluka akwenzeki nje kuphela kodwa futhi kunconywa kakhulu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi usayizi wephothifoliyo yakho.
Ngisho noma unenani elincane, ungafinyelela iphothifoliyo ehlukahlukene. Okubalulekile ukuqala kancane futhi kancane kancane wakhe iphothifoliyo yakho. Exchange Traded Izimali (ETFs) futhi izimali zomphakathi angamathuluzi amahle kakhulu okuhlukahluka, akuvumela ukuthi ube ngumnikazi wesiqephu sokutshalwa kwezimali okuhlukahlukene ngesikhathi esisodwa. Lezi zimali zihlanganisa imali kubatshalizimali abaningi ukuze batshale ekuxubeni okuhlukahlukene kwamasheya, amabhondi, noma ezinye izimpahla, okubenza bafinyeleleke ngisho nakulabo abanemali elinganiselwe.
Kubalulekile futhi ukukhumbula ukuthi ukuhlukahluka akukhona nje ngenani lokutshalwa kwezimali, kodwa futhi mayelana izinhlobo zokutshalwa kwemali ubambe. Isibonelo, ungahlukanisa ngokutshala imali ekuxubeni kwamasheya, amabhondi, izindlu, kanye nempahla. Ungaphinda uhlukanise ngokwezindawo ngokutshala imali kuzo zombili izimakethe zasekhaya nezamazwe ngamazwe.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubuchwepheshe buye benza kwaba lula kunangaphambili ukuhlukahluka. Ngokufika kwe robo-abacebisi futhi amapulatifomu okuhweba online, ngisho abatshalizimali abasafufusa abanemali encane yemali bangakwazi ukuhlukanisa kalula amaphothifoliyo abo. Lezi zinkundla zisebenzisa ama-algorithms ukudala nokuphatha amaphothifoliyo ahlukahlukene ngokusekelwe ekubekezeleleni kwakho ubungozi kanye nezinjongo zokutshala imali.
Ngakho-ke, ungavumeli ubukhulu bephothifoliyo yakho bukuvimbele ekuhlukaniseni izinto. Khumbula, umgomo wokuhlukahluka uwukunciphisa ubungozi, hhayi ukuqinisekisa ukubuyiselwa. Ngokusabalalisa utshalomali lwakho ezimpahleni ezihlukahlukene, ungakwazi ukwehlisa umthelela wanoma yikuphi ukungasebenzi kahle kwe-investimenti eyodwa kuwo wonke amaphothifoliyo akho. Ngakho-ke, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iphothifoliyo yakho inkulu noma incane kangakanani, ukuhlukahluka kufanele kuhlale kuyingxenye ebalulekile yesu lakho lokutshala imali.
